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Mercury in Refined Products

Table 5 - THg in Refined Products


Reference Type Number of Samples Range (ppb) Mean THg (ppb) SD Detection Limit (ppb)
Liang (22) Gasoline 5 0.22 - 1.43 0.7 NR U.S.
Liang (22) ) Gasoline 4 0.72 - 3.2 1.5 NR Foreign
Liang (22) Diesel 1 0.4 0.4 NR U.S.
Liang (22) Diesel 1 2.97 2.97 NR Foreign
Liang (22) Kerosene 1 0.04 0.04 NR U.S.
Liang (22) Heating Oil 1 0.59 0.59 NR U.S.
Bloom (14) Light distillates 14 NR* 1.32 2.81 U.S.
Bloom (14) Utility fuel oil 32 NR 0.67 0.96 U.S.
Bloom (14) Asphalt 10 NR 0.27 0.32 U.S.
Olsen (16) Naphtha 4 3 - 40 15 NR  
Tao (15) Naphtha 3 8 - 60 40 NR Asian
U.S. EPA (27) Petroleum Coke 1000 0 - 250 50 0.05 U.S.

* NR - not reported

Table 6 - Data for THg in Fuel Oils Used by U.S. EPA to Calculate Emission Factors

Reference Type Number of Samples Range (ppb) Mean (ppb) SD Detection Limit (ppb)
Carter (23) RFO #6 3   <100   Brooks (4)
Slater (24) RFO #6     20   Brooks (4)
Shih (25) RFO #6 11 7 - 170 66 50 Brooks (4)
Castaldini (26) DFO #2     400   Brooks (4)
U.S. EPA (5) RFO #6   2 - 6 4(mediam)    
U.S. EPA (5) DFO #2     <120    
U.S. EPA (5) RFO #6     9.2    

References
  1. Mercury Study Report to Congress, Volume II: An Inventory of Anthropogenic Mercury Emissions in the United States; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards, Washington DC and Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1997; EPA-452/R-97-004.
  2. Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act - Section 313: Guidance for Reporting Toxic Chemicals: Mercury and Mercury Compounds Category, DRAFT; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Information Analysis & Access, Washington, DC, November 2000; EPA-745/B-00-00X.
  3. Wilhelm, S.; Bloom, N. Fuel Proc. Technol., 2000, 63, 1.
  4. Brooks, G. Estimating Air Toxic Emissions from Coal and Oil Combustion Sources; Radian Corporation Report to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality: Environmental Protection Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1989; EPA-450/2-89-001.
  5. Locating And Estimating Air Emissions From Sources Of Mercury And Mercury Compounds, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality: Environmental Protection Planning And Standards Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1997; EPA-454/R-97-012.
  6. Study of Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions from Electric Utility Steam Generating Units -- Final Report to Congress; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality: Environmental Protection Planning and Standards Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1998; EPA-453/R-98-004a.
  7. Shah, K. R.; Filby, R. H.; Haller, W. A. J. Radioanal. Chem. 1970, 6, 413.
  8. Filby, R. H.; Shah, K. R. In The Role of Trace Metals in Petroleum; Yen, T. F. Ed., Ann Arbor Science Publishers: Ann Arbor, MI, 1975.
  9. Hitchon, B.; Filby, R. Geochemical Studies - Trace Elements in Alberta Crude Oils; Open File Report 1983-02, Alberta Research Council for Alberta Energy and Utilities Board and Alberta Geological Survey: Alberta, Canada, 1983.
  10. Hitchon, B.; Filby, R. H.; Shah, K. R., In The Role of Trace Metals in Petroleum; Yen, T. F. ed., Ann Arbor Science Publishers: Ann Arbor, MI, 1975.
  11. Energy Statistics for 1998, 1999, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, National Energy Information Center, Washington, DC, 2000.
  12. Musa, M.; Markus, W.; Elghondi, A.; Etwir, R.; Hannan, A.; Arafa, E. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1995, 198 (1), 17.
  13. Liang, L.; Lazoff, S.; Horvat, M.; Swain, E.; Gilkeson, J. Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem., 2000, 367, 8.
  14. Bloom, N. S. Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem., 2000, 366, 438.
  15. Tao, H.; Murakami, T.; Tominaga, M.; Miyazaki, A, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1998, 13, 1085H.
  16. Olsen, S.; Westerlund, S.; Visser, R. Analyst, 1997, 122, 12.
  17. Shafawi, A., Ebdon, L., Foulkes, M., Stockwell, P., and Corns, W., Analyst, 1999, 124,185.
  18. Magaw, R.I.; McMillen, S.J.; Gala, W.R.; Trefry, J.H.; Trocine, R.P., "Risk evaluation of metals in crude oils", SPE/EPA Exploration & Production Environmental Conference, SPE Paper 52725, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Dallas, TX, 1999.
  19. Morris, R. New TRI Reporting Rules on Mercury, presented at National Petroleum Refiners Association Meeting, San Antonio, Texas, September 2000.
  20. Environment Canada, Properties of Crude Oils and Oil Products - 12/99, Emergencies Science Division, Ontario, Canada, 2000.
  21. Duo, W.; Guthrie, T.; Edwards, W. C.; Mercury Emissions From The Petroleum Refining Sector In Canada, Report to Environment Canada, Trans-boundary Air Issues Branch, Hazardous Air Pollutants Program, Ottawa, Canada, Contract K2216-9-0078, 2000.
  22. Liang, L.; Horvat, M.; Danilchik, P. Sci. Tot. Environ., 1996, 187, 57.
  23. Carter, W.; Buening, H.; Hunter, S. Emission Reduction on Two Industrial Boilers with Major Combustion Modification, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1978; EPA-600/7-78-099a.
  24. Slater, S. and Hall, R., Electricity Generation by Utilities: 1974 Nationwide Emissions Estimates, AIChE Symposium Series No. 165, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, pp. 291-311, 1977
  25. Shih, C.; Ackerman, D.; Scinto, L.; Moon, E.; Fishman, E. POM Emissions from Stationary Conventional Combustion Processes, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Industrial Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA Contract 68-02-3138, 1980.
  26. Castaldini, C.; Waterland, L.; Mason, H. Combustion Modifications Controls for Residential and Commercial Heating Systems, Vol. II - Oil-Fired Residential Fuel Test, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Industrial Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1981; EPA-600/7-81-123b.
  27. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Unified Air Toxics Program: Electric Utility Steam Generating Units Hazardous Air Pollutant Emission Study; www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/combust/utiltox/utoxpg.html, 2000.

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