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126,7,132,1,133,1","190,123,1","1900,59,1,126,1,128,3,143,1","1903,59,1","1905,125,1,128,2","1907,70,1,143,2","1908,143,2","1909,59,1","1911,125,1","1913,143,1","1914,125,1,143,1","1915,32,1","1916,59,1,139,1","1917,128,1,143,4","1919,59,3,128,3","192,123,1","1921,125,1","1922,143,1","192207,126,1","1923,59,1,125,1,128,3","1924,125,1","1926,125,4","1928,143,1","1929,125,1","193,107,1","1932,70,4","1939,59,1","194,107,1","1940,59,1","1940s,124,1","1941,59,2,66,2,135,1,139,1,143,1","1942,59,1,128,1,143,1","1943,128,2","1944,59,1","1945,32,1,59,1","1946,59,1,126,1","195,123,1","1950,131,2","1950s,124,1,126,2","1951,70,1","1952,70,1,135,1","1953,70,1,126,8,135,1","1954,59,1","1955,59,1,66,2,126,2","1956,59,1,70,1,126,1","1957,59,1,126,2,135,1,142,1","1958,70,1,123,1,126,1","1959,70,1,126,2","1960,59,1,70,1,124,2,126,2,131,2,135,1","1960s,126,1","1961,59,1,126,3,135,1,143,1","1963,59,2,122,2,123,1,126,1,135,1","1964,59,3,142,1","1965,59,1,135,3","1966,122,1,135,1","1967,59,1,126,2,135,4","1968,34,1,59,2,70,4,122,1,113,1,123,1","1969,59,1,122,4,123,6,126,2","1970,59,1,75,2,104,1,102,1,103,1,124,2,126,2,142,1,143,4,144,1","1970s,59,1,126,2","1971,34,1,59,1,122,1,113,1,135,1","1972,122,2,97,1,123,1,135,2,143,1","1973,59,1,70,1,122,4,126,3","1974,122,2,102,1,103,1,123,3","1975,56,1,70,1,75,3,102,2,103,2,123,1,126,3,133,1,143,1","1976,59,1,126,4","1977,102,1,103,1,126,2","1978,56,1,102,1,103,1,126,11","1979,56,5,101,1,114,2,126,6","198,75,1,102,1,103,1,107,1","1980,56,1,122,1,104,1,102,1,103,1,123,1,124,1,126,5","1980s,61,2","1981,102,1,103,1,114,2,126,1,139,1,143,1","1982,102,1,114,1,126,8,143,1","1983,56,2,75,4,102,2,103,2,114,2,126,11,130,1,143,5","1984,56,2,114,1,126,6","1984a,126,1","1984b,126,1","1985,1,1,10,5,45,4,19,4,114,3,124,1,126,14","1986,61,1,100,1,114,4,126,8,143,1","1987,67,2,96,1,99,1,114,5,126,18","1988,56,2,126,9","1989,56,2,104,4,102,1,103,1,114,2,124,1,126,27,133,2,143,2","199,126,1,135,1","1990,49,1,70,1,113,1,114,2,126,5,124,2,127,2,143,4","1990s,60,1","1991,114,1,126,6,124,1,143,3","1992,75,1,126,11,124,1,133,1,143,2","1993,49,1,56,2,60,1,61,2,75,1,102,1,113,1,114,1,126,7,141,1,143,3","1994,49,1,56,3,60,1,61,1,104,1,113,1,114,2,126,7,124,1,133,2,141,2,143,8,157,1","1995,49,1,56,2,60,2,75,2,104,4,102,1,103,1,113,1,126,19,130,2,143,14","1996,8,1,12,1,15,1,44,1,45,1,62,1,19,1,23,1,40,1,43,1,46,2,47,1,49,1,54,1,56,2,59,1,60,4,61,1,65,1,68,1,70,1,104,3,97,1,98,1,100,1,101,1,102,2,103,1,111,1,116,1,126,1,124,2,130,1,131,1,129,1,137,1,133,4,134,1,135,1,141,1,139,1,142,1,143,3,145,1,155,1,156,1,157,1","1997,104,1,102,3,103,3,113,2,126,2,140,1,131,2,143,8","1997a,75,2,104,1","1997b,75,1,104,1","1998,34,1,70,1,75,1,102,3,103,3,123,1,124,3,133,1,143,8","1999,36,1,38,1,60,1,73,1,106,1,75,4,104,2,102,3,103,3,107,2,113,3,124,2,127,1,133,1,134,1,142,1,143,4","1999d,104,1","19females,126,1","19th,139,1","1atm,57,1","1f,56,2","1f9,56,1","1g,56,1","1in,126,1","1to,126,1","20,3,4,20,1,48,1,49,1,56,1,59,1,60,1,61,3,70,3,122,3,75,3,104,1,102,5,103,1,107,3,109,2,113,1,123,8,125,1,126,9,124,2,127,2,128,2,143,1,145,1,157,2","20°c,57,1","200,57,2,60,2,61,2,122,1,75,1,102,1,126,1,139,1,143,4,145,1","2000,16,4,24,1,35,1,46,1,56,1,106,1,75,14,104,2,102,10,103,9,107,4,108,1,113,1,131,1,143,7,146,1,147,1,148,1,149,1,150,1,151,1,152,1,153,1,154,1","2001,16,9,72,2,46,1,56,2,60,1,61,2,70,1,75,1,76,1,104,7,107,1,113,2,130,1,131,2,143,4","2001suggested,104,1","2002,16,6,46,1,61,1,65,1,75,1,104,1,132,1,143,6","2003,16,5,18,1,33,1,46,1,61,1,90,1,92,1,77,1,104,4,107,2,113,2","2004,16,11,17,1,18,2,34,1,46,1,56,1,61,1,89,1,91,10,92,1,78,3,104,1,107,1,113,1","2005,16,9,18,4,46,1,84,1,86,1,87,14,88,1,104,2,107,1,129,1,132,2,133,1","2006,16,5,18,1,46,1,56,1,70,1,83,1,98,1,107,1,113,1,133,1","2007,7,4,8,1,12,1,15,1,16,4,44,1,45,1,62,1,18,2,19,1,23,1,29,2,30,2,31,2,40,1,43,1,46,1,47,1,49,1,54,1,56,1,59,1,60,1,61,1,65,1,68,1,70,1,85,10,92,1,78,1,82,1,97,1,98,1,100,1,101,1,107,1,111,1,113,1,116,1,130,1,131,1,129,1,137,1,133,1,134,1,135,1,139,1,142,1,143,1,145,1,155,1,156,1,157,1","2008,7,5,13,1,16,2,17,3,18,1,25,2,26,2,27,2,28,2,49,2,56,1,80,2,93,1,113,1,114,1,133,1","2008aiche,6,1","2009,4,2,5,2,7,3,16,1,19,1,81,2","2010,1,1,2,1,3,3,4,1,5,1,6,1,7,2,9,1,10,1,11,1,13,1,14,1,16,2,17,1,18,1,20,1,22,1,24,1,25,1,26,1,27,1,28,1,29,1,30,1,31,1,32,1,34,1,35,1,36,1,37,1,38,1,39,1,41,1,42,1,72,1,48,1,50,1,51,1,52,1,53,1,55,1,57,1,58,1,63,1,64,1,66,1,67,1,69,1,73,1,71,1,84,1,85,1,86,1,87,1,88,1,89,1,90,1,91,1,92,1,105,1,106,1,121,1,122,1,74,1,75,1,76,1,77,1,78,1,79,1,80,1,81,1,82,1,83,1,104,1,96,1,99,1,102,1,103,1,119,1,120,1,107,1,108,1,109,1,113,1,114,1,115,1,117,1,118,1,123,1,125,1,126,1,124,1,127,1,140,1,128,1,136,1,138,1,132,1,141,1,144,1,146,1,147,1,148,1,149,1,150,1,151,1,152,1,153,1,154,1","201dec08,93,4","202,102,1","2020,132,1","202007,30,4,85,4,82,4","202008,20,4,80,4","202009,81,4","203,61,2,123,1","203hg,124,1","204,126,2","20402,122,1,123,1","20460,74,1,126,1","205,135,1","206,107,1","207c,114,1","208,126,3","20ahx,29,4","20analysis,29,4","20and,58,4","20appraisal,5,4","20bank,145,4","20corrosion,79,4","20crude,78,4,107,4","20design,28,4","20dime,32,4","20distribution,50,4","20exchanger,3,4","20hazards,127,4","20hgtech,12,4","20highlights,7,4","20in,5,4,78,4","20inspection,3,4","20intervention,31,4","20intoxication1926,125,4","20jmc,87,4","20kl,20,4","20management,4,4","20mariscal,156,4","20measurements,5,4","20mercury,26,4,122,4","20mine,156,4","20mru,28,4","20of,156,4","20oil,107,4","20olefins,25,4","20page,58,4","20partition,25,4","20policy,26,4","20project,30,4,93,4","20research,93,4","20risk,6,4","20safety,58,4","20services,43,4","20th,138,1","20treatment,124,4","20us,78,4","20vista,142,4","20water,27,4","20wells,5,4","21,61,1,75,2,102,3,107,4,126,5,124,1","210,60,1,131,1","2107,141,1","212,107,1","2129,114,1","215,60,1,126,2,130,1","2152,141,1","219,131,1","22,70,1,75,1,103,7,114,1,126,6,130,1,143,1,145,1","220,107,1","224,131,1","225,59,1","228,107,1","229kj,57,1","23,62,1,75,3,104,1,102,2,103,1,123,1,125,1,126,3,135,1","230,123,1","23014,13,1,56,1,74,1,79,1,93,1","233,59,1","234,57,1","235,60,1","236,141,2","238,56,1","239,107,1","23rd,72,1,113,1","24,62,1,75,1,76,1,104,1,101,1,103,1,107,5,113,1,116,1,125,1,126,8,143,3","240,102,1,107,1,131,1,129,1,135,1","244,75,1,126,1","2446,141,1","245,126,1","247,126,1","248,123,1","249,126,2","25,57,1,61,1,70,1,75,1,104,2,100,1,103,1,107,1,125,2,126,4,130,1,128,1,133,1,143,1,157,2","25°c,57,1","250,34,1,60,2,103,1,109,1,126,1,124,1,139,1","25046,141,1","253,102,1","254,126,1","255,13,1,56,1","256,107,1,135,1","257,126,1","258,123,1","259,126,1","26,66,1,75,1,103,1,114,1,126,5","260,61,1,123,1,126,1","261,13,1,56,1,126,1","263,126,2","265,59,1,123,1","268,126,2","27,103,2,107,1,126,2,130,1,129,1,143,2","270,67,1,126,1","272,126,1","273,107,1","277,126,1","27711,74,1,104,1","278,102,1","279,133,1","28,59,1,61,3,107,2,124,1,126,1,130,1,133,2,135,1,143,1","281,13,1,56,1","284,157,1","286,75,1","2870,126,2","2876,126,2","29,57,1,75,1,96,1,99,1,102,1,125,2,130,1,141,1","291,102,1,103,1","292,126,1","296,131,2","297,75,1","298,57,1","299,135,1","2997,130,1","2e,56,2","2h,34,1","2hg,113,1","2nd,122,6,123,4","2th,61,1","2years,126,1","30,1,1,34,1,61,3,66,1,70,1,75,3,104,2,102,2,107,2,123,3,125,5,124,2,126,1,128,3,143,3,155,1","300,75,1,126,1,131,1,143,3","3006,130,1","300k,57,1","301,126,4","3010,33,1","3013e,126,1","303,126,2,141,2","304,135,1","305,131,1","306,126,1,135,1","309,126,2","31,61,2,107,3,126,6,133,1,135,1,143,2","311,102,1,103,1,107,1","313,102,1,103,1","3138,102,1,103,1","315,107,1","3154,13,1,56,1","316,126,1","316l,131,9","317,135,1","318,123,1","32,104,2,103,3,107,1,126,1,138,1,143,4","320,67,1,126,2","3200,141,1","323,70,1","324,70,1","3241,13,1","3260,126,1","327,126,2","328,107,1","33,59,1,125,1,126,1,143,1","330,143,1","332,107,1","333,107,1","336,133,1","338,123,1","34,61,1,75,1,126,6","343,157,1","345,126,4","3454,126,1","347,135,1","349,126,1","35,76,1,104,1,107,2,113,1,125,5,124,1,126,3,130,1,143,1","350,34,1,124,1","357,122,1,135,1","357°,57,1","359,107,1","36,102,2,107,1,124,1,126,2,135,1","360,107,1,128,1","365,107,2,116,1,126,1","366,75,1,104,1,102,1,103,1,107,1","367,75,1,104,1,102,1,103,1","37,57,1,75,1,102,3,126,2,133,2,143,1","370,126,2","375,126,2","376,104,1,126,1","3775,13,1,56,1","378,123,1","38,57,2,122,1,75,1,102,2,107,1,126,2","380,143,1","382,126,1","383,107,2","385,124,1","386,126,1","389,107,1","39,59,1,64,1,122,1,102,2,126,4","391,126,2","392,107,1","394,107,1,126,1","395,126,2","399,75,1,102,2","3a,56,1","3and,78,1","3rd,122,2,123,2","40,37,1,104,1,102,1,103,2,119,1,107,1,114,1,123,1,124,1,126,5,127,4,128,2,134,1,143,2,144,1","400,49,1,61,1,75,1,103,1,115,1,128,1,143,1,145,2","401,126,1","408,62,1","41,107,3,113,1,126,4,143,1","413,75,1,102,1,103,1","417,59,1","419,114,1","42,107,2,126,4,135,1,143,2","42weeks,126,1","43,57,1,104,1,103,1,126,2,128,1","431,114,1","438,75,1,104,1,102,1,103,1,107,1","44,64,1,126,3,135,2","440,102,1,126,1","45,104,1,107,2,124,1,126,1,143,1","450,104,1,102,1,103,1,139,1","4509,107,1,113,1","452,75,1,102,1,103,1","453,102,1,103,1,143,1","454,75,1,104,1,102,1,103,1","457,126,1","46,104,2,102,1,126,6,135,2,157,1","4606,157,1","461,125,1,126,1","463,126,1","464,107,1","466,125,1","4662,126,1","47,107,2,126,4,143,2","4704,76,1,104,1,107,1,113,1","474,107,1","48,62,1,123,1","481,114,1","482,126,1","484,59,1,126,1","488,56,1","489,107,1","49,126,4,143,1","499,107,1","49years,126,1","4th,6,1,122,1,123,1,124,1","50,34,1,37,1,61,2,70,2,104,1,103,2,107,1,114,1,123,2,124,1,126,13,127,2,128,1,143,3","500,59,1,75,1,76,1,104,2,124,1,126,2,140,1,143,3","5000,131,4","501,107,1","502,107,1","505,102,1","5089,102,1","509,126,1","50years,126,1","51,34,1,107,1,113,1","511,126,1","513,101,1","519,126,1","52,107,3,126,3,143,1,155,1","522,135,1","5232,131,1","52725,75,1,102,1,103,1","53,107,1,126,1,143,1","530,102,1","531,107,2","532,126,1","534,126,1","54,107,2,126,3","540,59,1,126,1","546,126,1","546g,57,1","547,107,1","55,59,1,107,1,124,1,126,1","5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nting,72,1","accounts,75,1,127,1","accountsfor,126,1","accumulate,127,1","accumulated,2,1,37,1,73,1,126,1,127,1","accumulates,36,1,64,2,124,1,127,1","accumulating,124,1","accumulation,23,1,35,1,52,1,54,3,123,1,124,2,127,3","accuracies,75,1","accuracy,36,1,71,3,104,1","accurate,5,1,15,1,33,1,35,1,36,1,72,1,74,1,83,1,107,1,124,1","accurately,33,1,61,1,104,1","accusations,70,2,125,1","acetaldehyde,70,9,124,1,126,1","acetate,122,1,123,3","acetyl,124,1,126,1","acetylcholine,124,3","acetylene,70,1,122,2,118,1","acgih,127,1","aches,125,2","achieve,72,1,122,1,123,1","achieved,73,1","achievement,66,1","achieves,75,1","achieving,60,1,122,1,123,1","acid,15,1,28,1,37,1,66,2,70,1,125,1,124,7,126,2,127,1,134,1,141,3","acidizing,114,1","ackerman,102,1,103,1","acknowledged,60,1","aconsensus,126,1","acontrol,126,1","acoustic,23,1","acquaintances,125,2","acquire,127,1","acquired,104,3","acquisition,74,1,76,1","acquits,61,1","acquitted,61,1","acres,59,1","acrodynia,124,5,126,5","across,75,2,107,1,126,1","acs,17,1,39,1,92,1,98,1","act,102,1,103,1,125,1","acta,101,1,114,1,135,1","action,20,1,37,1,60,1,126,2,141,3","actions,60,1,126,1","activated,124,1","activation,71,1,75,5","active,59,1,67,1,69,1,135,1","actively,10,1","activists,61,2","activities,10,1,15,2,16,1,45,1,20,1,26,1,37,1,56,2,64,1,73,2,83,1,126,1,127,3,128,1","activity,70,1,125,2,126,2,139,1","actual,33,1,70,2,75,4,104,2","actually,60,1,75,1,135,1","actuallyprocessed,107,1","acute,70,1,122,1,123,4,125,3,124,16,126,5,127,3","acutely,73,1,127,1","adamantine,138,1","add,61,2,125,1,126,1","added,60,2,125,4,126,1","adding,15,1,119,1","addition,34,1,36,1,52,1,59,1,92,2,122,2,74,1,75,2,77,1,123,1,125,1,126,2","additional,44,1,22,1,55,1,59,1,60,1,74,2,76,1,124,3,126,1,141,1","additionalcomments,126,2","additionally,75,1","additions,119,2","additive,124,1","additives,61,2,119,4","address,77,1,126,2","addressedinsulation,29,1","addressing,126,1","adds,122,1","adequate,71,1,123,1,126,1","adequately,70,1,128,2","adj,126,2","adjacent,37,2,142,2","adjoined,59,1","adjusted,61,1,75,4,126,2","adjusting,126,3","adjustments,124,1","administer,124,1","administered,126,4","administeringhgcl2,126,1","administration,61,1,64,1,122,2,75,1,102,1,103,1,123,2,126,1,127,2,141,1","adminstered,126,1","admission,126,3","admitted,125,1,124,1,126,2","admittedly,104,1","adolph,32,1","adopted,20,2,116,1","adoptedby,145,1","adopting,60,1,73,1,136,1","adopts,104,1","adrien,144,1","adsorb,93,1","adsorbed,75,2,127,1","adsorption,93,1,127,1","adsorptive,124,1","adul,61,2","adult,124,3,126,2","adults,124,1","advance,20,1,26,1","advanced,66,1,125,1,127,2","advancement,70,1","advances,35,1,72,1","advantageous,125,1","adverse,15,1,118,1,124,1,126,3,127,2,129,1","adversely,55,1,73,1,122,1,141,1","adverselyaffects,126,2","advertising,61,1","advice,10,1,16,3,40,1,41,1,48,1,124,1","advised,61,1,64,1","advises,47,1,54,1","advisories,64,2,126,1","advisory,56,1,61,1","aerosolized,124,1","aes,75,2","aeta,114,1","afdzal,20,2","affairs,61,1","affect,33,1,55,1,122,2,123,1,141,1,143,1","affected,63,1,64,2,70,1,73,2,122,2,118,1,123,2,125,2,124,2,126,1,127,2,141,1","affects,15,2,40,1,83,1,141,1","affiliated,61,1","affiliations,56,1","affinity,124,1","aforementioned,122,1,123,1","africa,16,1,73,1,102,2,107,1","afterwards,125,1","ag3sn,135,1","against,61,3,64,1,125,1,124,1,126,1,145,1","agatyag,143,1","agcl,135,1","age,64,3,125,1,126,16","aged,124,1,126,1","agencies,60,1,126,2","agency,62,1,63,1,92,2,106,1,74,1,75,4,77,1,104,1,102,13,103,11,107,1,108,1,126,2,141,1,146,1,147,1,148,1,149,1,150,1,151,1,152,1,153,1,154,1","agenotoxic,126,1","agent,70,1,124,5,128,1,134,1","agents,124,12,127,1","ages,64,1,124,1","aggregate,145,1","aggressive,124,1","ago,125,2","agree,61,1,75,1","agreed,60,1","agreement,78,1","agreements,66,1","agri,61,1","agricultural,124,2","ahead,59,1","ahlbom,126,2","ahmad,20,1","ahost,1,1","ahx,6,4,7,1,29,1,41,1","aiche,17,3,18,4,19,1,49,2,80,18,102,1,103,1,113,2,114,2,133,1","aid,122,3,123,3,127,1","ailments,125,1","aimed,63,1","air,20,1,72,2,54,1,56,1,60,6,63,4,67,4,106,2,122,5,74,2,75,5,76,2,104,8,102,11,103,11,107,1,108,2,123,11,125,24,126,19,127,4,130,8,131,2,129,8,132,8,145,1,146,2,147,2,148,2,149,2,150,2,151,2,152,2,153,2,154,2","airborne,64,1,122,1,123,1,126,2","airconcentrations,126,2","airing,125,2","airstream,125,1","airway,124,1","akers,107,1","aktash,143,4","alaniya,143,1","alaska,69,1,141,28","alatau,143,1","albers,126,3","alberta,75,6,102,6,103,5,157,1","albumin,122,1,123,1,124,1,126,2","albuminuria,123,1,126,2","albuquerque,104,1","alchemists,138,1","alchemy,139,1","alemein,157,1","alerting,124,1","alfred,125,3","algeria,73,1,107,1","alice,66,5,136,1","alimov,131,1","aliquot,71,2,107,1","aliquots,71,2","alison,141,1","alkali,59,1,124,1,126,4,143,1","alkaline,126,1,141,1","alkaliplants,130,1","alkyl,122,1,123,54,124,7,126,1","allan,135,1","allegation,61,1","allegheny,124,1","allergic,122,1,123,1","allergies,122,1","allergy,124,3","alleviate,16,1","allow,6,1,15,1,20,1,23,1,33,1,35,1,52,1,71,1,75,1,83,1,120,1,107,2,123,2,124,1,126,1,128,2","allowable,123,1","allowed,70,3,125,1","allows,124,1","alloy,49,4,56,1,122,1,114,2,131,2,137,21,135,2","alloying,93,1","alloys,23,1,49,1,93,1,113,1,114,6,115,2,131,2,137,10,133,2","allreviewers,126,2","alluvial,143,1","almad,139,5","almaden,59,2,69,1,128,1,138,1,139,21","almost,66,1,125,4,126,1,128,1,135,1,143,1,145,1","alone,60,1","along,60,1,128,1","alpha,126,1","alpine,59,2","already,125,5","alsoreacts,107,1","altai,143,5","alterations,123,1","alternative,70,1,71,1","although,35,1,72,2,60,1,63,1,65,1,66,1,74,1,75,2,76,1,125,4,124,1,126,5,130,1,128,1,135,1,145,1","althoughliquid,115,1","altogether,125,3","alumina,34,1","aluminium,45,4,19,4,23,4,37,4,41,4,114,4,133,1,134,2","aluminum,1,9,2,8,3,9,6,17,10,8,15,1,16,3,45,4,17,1,19,4,23,4,24,1,29,7,37,1,41,12,42,1,46,4,49,4,65,8,68,8,101,23,120,3,113,2,114,6,118,4,131,8,137,8,133,7,135,4","alveoli,124,1","always,5,1,26,1,70,1,75,1,125,1,127,1","alyutorskoye,143,1","alzheimer,124,2","amalgam,63,1,65,1,125,12,124,2,135,24","amalgamates,125,1","amalgamation,33,1,93,1,139,2,143,1","amalgamcorrosion,6,1","amalgamdental,126,1","amalgams,125,6,124,3","amandus,126,2","amante,126,1","ambient,126,1","amean,126,1","ameliorate,127,1","amended,104,1","amendment,145,1","amendments,119,14","amer,135,1","america,16,9,32,1,60,2,73,1,78,1,102,4,107,1,132,1,139,1,144,1","american,16,1,18,3,56,5,60,3,86,1,89,1,92,2,122,4,77,1,78,1,80,1,104,1,102,1,103,1,107,1,113,2,123,4,124,7,127,1,133,2,157,1","americas,139,2","amine,15,2,35,1,83,1","aminoaciduria,126,1","ammonia,15,4,49,2,50,1,122,1,113,2,114,3","ammually,143,1","among,59,2,61,1,66,2,125,1,126,9,129,1","amount,6,1,23,1,41,1,72,1,54,1,61,1,63,2,64,1,65,1,70,1,73,1,106,1,74,1,75,4,76,4,78,1,104,4,93,2,102,1,107,2,116,1,125,2,124,1,126,1,127,3,136,1,132,1,134,1,135,1,143,2","amountcontained,78,1","amounted,143,2","amounts,20,1,33,3,34,1,35,2,72,1,64,2,70,1,73,1,122,2,74,3,75,2,76,1,104,1,93,1,107,1,117,1,123,4,125,2,124,2,127,4,128,1,136,2,143,5","amp,17,1,27,1,57,1,92,1,78,1,107,1","ample,59,1","amur,143,1","amyotrophic,124,1","anaerobic,79,1","anaiyticai,123,1","anal,34,1,75,2,104,3,102,3,103,3,107,1","analogous,126,1","analogy,107,1,127,1","analyses,53,5,122,1,75,2,125,1,126,2","analysis,6,14,7,5,9,2,16,12,45,1,17,2,23,1,29,16,36,1,38,1,41,9,48,9,49,1,53,14,54,1,58,1,64,1,70,1,73,1,71,20,92,2,122,1,75,8,77,1,104,3,102,1,103,1,119,1,120,2,107,2,113,1,114,1,115,1,116,2,117,1,118,1,123,1,124,4,126,20,127,4,131,1,133,1","analyst,102,2,103,2","analysts,75,1,104,1,107,1","analytical,1,2,2,1,8,1,9,4,16,5,44,4,20,1,33,2,35,2,39,1,72,2,48,20,71,2,92,1,122,2,75,5,77,3,78,2,104,4,107,3,123,1,127,1","analytically,35,1","analyzed,33,1,60,1,61,1,75,1,119,1,107,2,116,1,126,5,141,1","anaverage,126,1","anchor,59,1","anchored,125,1","and20,107,1","andafter,31,1","andanthropogenic,130,1","andassessment,126,1","andblood,126,1","andcarcinogenicity,126,1","anddesigning,20,1","anddevelopment,107,1,126,3","anddigital,3,1","andersen,126,1","andexplanations,126,1","andfuel,113,1","andg,126,1","andhanninen,126,1","andhistorical,126,1","andimplemented,20,1","andis,126,1","andisometric,126,1","andloael,126,1","andlung,126,3","andmean,126,1","andmercurial,126,1","andmercuric,107,1","andmicronuclei,126,1","andneuromuscular,126,2","andnonsilicotic,126,1","andorganic,107,1","andparturition,126,1","andpeyton,135,1","andphenyl,126,1","andpiikivi,126,1","andprocess,43,1","andpsychological,126,1","andreview,4,1","andsequestration,54,1","andsmith,135,1","andsouder,135,1","andstaheli,135,2","andsymptomatic,126,2","andthe,126,2","andurinary,126,1","andurine,126,1","anecdotally,93,1","anemia,124,1","aneuploidy,126,1","anexposure,126,2","anger,126,1","angewandte,125,1","angle,125,1","angola,107,1","animal,61,1,70,1,126,4","animals,64,1,126,5,127,1","anintegrated,20,1","aninteragency,126,2","anisimov,143,1","ann,75,2,102,4,103,4,126,3","anniversary,66,1,70,1","annual,122,1,104,1,123,1,124,1,130,1,131,2,129,2,132,1,133,1,143,3","annually,60,1,75,2,78,2,143,2","annuallyabout,130,1","anode,65,1","anodic,114,1,135,1","anomalies,127,1","anomalous,75,1","anorexia,122,2,123,1,124,3,127,1","another,124,1,126,2","ansi,122,1,123,3","answer,1,1,124,5","answered,70,1","antacids,124,1","antagonists,124,1","anterior,122,1","anthony,140,1","anthracite,106,5,146,14,147,14","anthropogenic,60,1,63,3,64,2,73,1,92,1,77,1,104,1,102,1,103,1,107,1,130,1","anthropogenicsources,130,1","anthropomorphic,72,1","anti,124,1,126,3","antibacterial,124,1","antibodies,126,5","anticipate,26,1","anticipated,72,1,93,1,124,2,128,1","antigen,126,1","antilock,60,1","antimildew,124,1","antimony,143,1","antiseptic,124,1","antiseptics,124,3","antisyphilitic,124,2","antonio,75,1,77,1,104,2,102,1,103,1,107,1,113,1","anunexposed,126,1","anuria,124,1","anyone,122,2,123,1","anything,125,2","anzobsky,143,1","ap,133,1","api,16,1,18,4,86,18,92,10,77,17,104,3,107,1,113,1,157,1","apotentially,135,1","apparatus,59,1,125,2","apparatuses,125,2","apparent,33,1,73,3,125,3,127,1","apparently,125,3,126,1","appeal,61,1","appear,60,2,125,1,138,1","appearance,37,1,122,1,123,3,134,1","appearances,143,1","appeared,135,1","appearing,126,1","appears,35,1,60,1,75,1","appétit,61,1","appetite,61,1,123,1,125,3","appl,126,1","appleton,126,1","appliances,143,1","applicability,96,1,97,1,98,1,99,1,100,1,101,1,123,1","applicable,55,1,122,2,123,1","application,10,1,16,4,72,1,119,1,114,2,115,1,125,2,124,1,126,3","applicationof,126,1","applications,15,1,36,1,43,1,48,1,56,2,60,5,104,3,131,2","applied,31,1,72,1,55,1,61,1,75,2,104,1,93,1,96,1,99,1,100,1,119,2,125,1,133,1","apply,2,1,20,1,119,1,123,1","applying,125,1","appraisal,1,1,5,14,7,1,133,1","appraisalwell,48,1","appreciable,126,1,127,1","approach,20,3,60,1,61,1,76,1,83,1,124,1","approaches,60,1","appropriate,122,1,104,1,123,1,124,1,126,2,127,1","approval,61,1","approved,122,1,123,1,127,1","approximately,15,1,59,1,60,3,61,1,75,4,76,2,78,1,83,1,107,1,123,1,124,1,138,1,134,1,139,2,142,1,143,1,144,1","april,36,1,49,1,80,1,104,1,113,2,114,1,125,1,126,2,133,1","aquatic,61,1,64,1,141,1","aqueous,65,1,68,5,79,2","aquicksilver,145,1","arab,139,1","arabia,107,1","arafa,75,1,102,1,103,1","arbor,75,2,102,4,103,4","arc,60,1,127,1","arch,124,2,126,13","archaeologists,138,1","archives,123,4","arctic,141,1","ards,124,1","area,59,4,64,1,70,1,122,1,93,1,123,3,125,2,126,1,128,3,141,1,145,1","arealso,107,1","areas,4,1,5,1,6,1,56,1,122,3,74,1,123,3,125,4,124,1,127,1,141,2,143,1","areassociated,107,1","arecarcinogens,126,1","areconsistent,126,1","areprocessed,107,1","areprovided,126,1","aresmelters,130,1","aretypically,20,1","argentina,107,1","arguments,63,1","arise,70,1","arises,122,1,123,1","arithmetic,78,1,119,1,125,2,126,1","arizona,59,1","arkansas,138,1","arlington,56,1","arms,123,1,125,1","aromatics,15,1","arose,125,1,139,1","around,1,1,44,1,48,1,51,1,59,1,61,2,117,1,123,1,128,2,141,3","arounds,20,1","arrange,143,1","arrayanes,139,1","arrested,145,1","arrived,128,1","arsemic,111,4,155,4,157,4","arsenic,2,1,16,1,24,1,50,1,111,36,124,3,155,32,157,37","art,125,2,133,1","arteriosclerosis,125,1","article,59,1,125,1","articles,17,4","artificial,122,1,123,1,135,1","artificialsaliva,135,1","arts,125,1","aryl,124,4","asa,65,1","asakura,129,1","asbestos,126,2","ascertainedfrom,126,1","ascompared,126,2","asfertilizer,119,1","asgar,135,1","ashe,126,2","ashen,124,1","asia,3,1,15,1,16,21,17,1,20,7,34,1,61,1,83,1,102,3,107,1","asian,102,1,103,1,113,1","aside,72,1","asimple,126,1","asingle,107,1","asked,104,1,125,2","asm,56,1","asme,17,1,72,1,113,1","aspects,15,1,47,1,73,1,75,1,77,1,83,1,126,1","asphalt,103,1,107,1","asphaltene,39,5,48,1,107,1","asphaltenes,39,1","ass,135,1","assays,125,1","assembled,63,1","assess,29,1,75,1,118,1,124,2","assessed,61,1,126,3","assessing,61,1,122,1,126,1","assessment,1,9,2,4,6,1,9,1,10,5,23,11,36,1,37,2,54,1,118,1,124,1,126,31,127,2,130,1","assessments,23,1,37,1,126,1,143,1","assignation,6,1","assigned,75,3,126,1,127,1","assigning,6,1,75,1,126,1","assignment,75,1","assist,2,2,10,4,45,4,19,4,23,1,47,1,63,1,92,1,122,1,74,1,76,1,77,2,123,1,127,1,142,1","assistance,2,1,54,1,122,1,123,1","assistant,125,4,124,1","assistants,125,4","assisted,5,1,39,1,83,1,133,1","assisting,72,1","assists,1,1,72,1,49,1,52,1,54,2","assoc,107,1,126,5","associate,56,3,124,3","associated,2,1,15,2,36,1,39,1,61,1,64,1,73,1,74,4,83,1,104,1,123,3,124,1,126,9,127,1,138,1,143,3","associatedwith,126,3","association,18,4,56,3,92,2,122,1,75,1,77,1,82,14,104,1,102,1,103,1,124,1,126,1,133,2","associationsbetween,126,1","assumed,61,1,64,1,116,3,127,1","assumes,34,1","assuming,61,4,75,1,104,1,102,1","assumption,76,1,126,1","assumptions,61,1,116,1,126,1","assurance,18,5,91,18,75,1","assureequipment,15,1","astatistically,126,1","asthose,126,1","astm,17,1,18,4,49,1,56,3,71,2,89,18,92,1,104,2,107,1,113,1,114,4","astmpaper,107,1","asto,4,1","astolfi,126,1","aswell,126,1","asymptomatic,124,1,126,1","at0,126,1","ataxia,123,1,124,2","atlanta,133,1","atleast,79,1,142,1","atmosphere,15,1,34,1,63,1,64,6,106,1,75,1,76,3,104,2,107,1,113,1,116,1,130,3,129,1","atmospheres,93,1,127,2","atmospheric,63,1,74,2,76,4,107,1,123,1,126,1,130,1,129,2,143,1","atomic,57,3,61,1,122,1,75,10,104,1","atomicabsorption,126,1","atomization,57,1","atoms,109,1","attach,122,1","attached,30,1,125,1","attaching,15,1,33,1","attack,1,4,2,4,10,4,23,1,30,1,41,1,49,8,65,5,68,4,122,1,123,1,125,1,131,5,137,4,133,2,135,2","attackedphase,135,1","attari,102,1","attempt,122,1,123,1","attempted,34,1","attempts,125,1,138,1","attention,40,1,122,4,123,4,125,6,126,1","attenuated,126,1","attic,125,1","attributable,124,2","attributed,66,1,104,1,126,2","attributes,124,2","attributing,124,2","atw,106,1,108,1,146,1,147,1,148,1,149,1,150,1,151,1,152,1,153,1,154,1","auction,128,1,139,1","auditory,125,1,124,1","auerbach,143,2","aug,61,2","august,18,1,59,1,70,1,88,1,104,1,126,1","augustus,32,1","aust,135,1","austenitic,131,3","austin,59,2","australia,16,3,107,1","author,34,1,56,1","authored,124,2","authorities,61,1","authority,61,1","authors,126,7","author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28,1","careful,120,1,128,1","carefully,38,1,72,1,125,2,126,2,127,1,128,1","cargo,93,1","carlo,61,1","carol,136,4","carried,37,1,75,1,143,2","carroll,66,7,136,1","carroting,66,1","carry,40,1,117,1,127,1","cars,11,5,60,10","carter,102,1,103,2,135,1","cartilage,61,2","cas,57,1","casarett,124,1","case,70,1,34,1,116,2,125,7,126,2,127,1,131,1,145,1","casecontrol,126,1","cases,15,2,66,1,83,1,123,2,124,1,125,3,126,9,127,2","casrn,126,7","cassitto,126,1","castaldini,102,1,103,2","castle,140,2","casual,136,1","casualty,122,1,123,1","caswell,126,1","cat,70,3,66,3","catalase,124,1","catalyst,15,1,44,1,70,3,34,2,72,1","catalysts,15,1,33,2,34,1,35,2,36,1,38,1,118,2,157,1","catalytic,34,1","catch,70,1","categories,63,1,107,1","categoriesinclude,107,1","category,74,1,75,1,102,2,103,1,124,1,126,1,130,1,137,20","cathartics,124,2","cathode,65,1,79,5","cats,70,4","causative,126,1","cause,15,1,70,2,37,3,61,1,122,3,123,6,124,3,125,14,126,2,127,3,157,1","caused,16,1,70,3,23,1,65,3,66,1,71,1,83,1,114,1,122,4,123,1,124,1,125,5,126,1","causedprolongation,126,1","causes,6,1,10,1,122,3,124,8,125,2,126,2,133,2","causing,30,1,60,1,122,1,124,4,139,2","caustic,15,1,59,1,124,3","cauterizations,125,1","caution,124,2","cavender,126,1","cavitation,131,2","cavities,125,1","cavity,125,1,126,1","cc,57,1","cd,129,1","cebam,34,1","ceiling,122,3,123,3,125,1,127,3","cell,13,1,56,1,114,1,123,1,124,1,126,2","cellon,125,1","cells,124,2,126,2,127,1","cellular,126,1","cement,130,1","cent,61,2","center,62,1,60,2,61,1,75,1,102,1,103,1,124,8,128,1","centers,124,2","central,70,1,56,1,122,1,123,3,124,1,126,1,129,1,136,1,141,1,142,1","centrifuged,122,1,123,1","centuries,124,2,139,3,138,1,144,1","century,66,1,124,1,126,1,139,5,138,2,140,1,143,1","cerebellar,123,1,124,2","cerebellum,124,1,126,1","cerebral,123,2,124,2","ceresan,123,1","cernichiari,123,1,126,1","certain,6,1,15,2,33,2,34,1,64,1,75,1,125,4,126,1","certainly,34,2,59,1,61,1,107,1,124,1,125,2","certainty,73,1,125,1","certificates,126,1","certified,124,1","ceulemans,126,1","ch3,75,1,113,1","ch3hg,127,1","chad,107,1","chaffin,126,2","chagan,143,2","chain,70,1,61,2,63,1,124,5,141,2","chair,124,2","chairman,56,3,61,1","challenge,55,1","challenging,128,1","chamber,122,1","chambers,128,2","chang,123,1","change,16,1,70,1,64,2,75,1,122,2,123,1,126,2","changed,73,1,122,1,126,1","changes,4,1,64,1,122,1,126,6","changescorrelated,126,1","changesduring,6,1","changeswere,126,2","changyi,114,1","channels,125,1","chao,102,1","chapel,140,1","character,66,1","characteristic,122,1","characteristics,83,1,107,1,124,2,126,1,138,2,134,1","characterization,47,5,75,1,104,1,102,1,114,1,133,1","characterize,30,1,126,2","characterized,31,1,38,1,122,1","characters,66,1","charcoal,124,1","charoensri,61,1","charters,145,1","charybdis,125,1","chase,138,1","chater,126,1","chauvaiskoye,143,1","chayan,61,2","cheaper,66,2","check,61,1,125,1,128,1","checked,125,1","checks,34,1","cheeks,125,1","chelating,124,7,127,1","chelation,124,1,127,1","chelator,124,1","chelyabinsk,143,1","chem,75,4,104,3,102,4,103,4,107,1,114,1","chemet,124,1","chemica,114,1","chemical,1,2,8,5,15,5,70,3,30,1,34,1,35,4,36,2,38,3,42,1,72,2,47,1,50,2,54,1,55,2,56,5,57,4,59,1,61,1,64,1,73,1,74,1,75,2,78,1,80,1,83,1,93,1,102,1,103,1,107,1,113,2,114,1,117,1,122,4,123,4,124,2,125,3,126,3,127,1,131,1,133,1","chemicalmechanism,30,1","chemicals,56,1,66,1,102,1,103,1,122,1,123,1,126,2,130,1","chemie,125,2","chemisorbents,35,1","chemisorption,93,1","chemist,56,1","chemistries,124,1","chemistry,1,1,70,2,35,2,36,1,41,1,72,2,56,9,73,1,96,1,99,1,100,1,125,2,126,1","chemists,70,1,125,1","chempurinskoye,143,1","chen,126,2","cheremshnskoye,143,1","chess,125,1","chest,122,3,124,1,126,4","chi,83,1","chicago,102,1","chicken,61,3","chief,124,1","child,64,2","childbearing,124,1","children,70,1,61,1,124,1,126,1","childrenfrom,126,1","chillers,52,1","chills,124,1","china,61,1,63,1,73,1,119,1,107,1,113,1,132,22,138,1","chinatown,61,3","chinese,61,4,132,1,138,1,145,4","chiso,70,4","chisos,59,5","chisso,70,22","chlor,126,2,130,1","chloralkali,126,14","chloralkaliplants,126,2","chloralki,124,1","chloride,122,1,123,4,124,2,134,2","chlorides,75,1,126,1","chlorine,15,1,59,1,63,1,123,2,126,8,143,1","chloroethylmercury,123,1","cho,70,1","choline,124,1","chonkoyskoye,143,1","choose,125,1","christ,138,1","christians,139,1","chromium,131,2","chromosomal,123,1,126,1","chromosome,123,1,126,2","chromosomes,126,2","chronic,61,3,73,2,116,1,122,4,123,3,124,14,125,2,126,12,127,8,128,1,141,1","chronically,127,1","chronicneurobehavioral,126,2","chronicneurological,126,1","chronologic,126,1","chronological,126,1","chuiskoye,143,1","chukotka,143,3","chulalongkorn,61,3","church,13,1,56,1,74,1,79,1,93,1","ci,126,5","cincinnati,122,1,123,1,126,6","cinnabar,59,9,69,5,139,5,128,6,141,5,138,19,143,7,142,4,144,6,156,1","cinnamon,138,1","cinotti,126,1","circle,125,2","circuitcourt,145,1","circuitresistance,135,1","circulates,64,1","circulation,37,1,124,2,125,1","circumstance,34,1","circumstances,125,1","cited,15,1,73,1,126,1","cites,61,1","cities,144,1","citizens,128,2","city,83,1,114,1,139,1,132,1,143,1","ciudad,139,1","civil,61,2,139,1","civilizations,138,1","cjsc,143,2","claim,61,1,128,1","claimed,61,1,66,1","claims,61,2","clarity,125,1","clark,126,1","clarkson,122,1,123,1,124,2,126,1","class,35,1,57,1","classes,35,1,73,1,75,1","classic,124,1","classifiable,126,1","classification,126,3","classified,127,1","clay,128,1","clayton,126,1","clean,60,5,125,1","cleancarcampaign,60,1","cleaned,122,1,123,1","cleaner,60,2,125,1","cleaners,122,1","cleaning,16,2,37,2,40,1,41,1,73,1,122,1,123,1,125,2,127,1,131,1","cleanliness,125,2","cleanup,122,1,123,1","clear,20,1,61,1,123,2,124,1,145,3","clearance,128,1","clearly,75,1,125,1","cleavage,138,2","clever,96,1,99,1,100,1","client,1,1,47,1","clients,1,1,2,2,10,4,45,4,19,4,47,2,56,4","climate,116,2","climax,125,1","climbing,125,1","clin,124,1","clinical,122,3,123,4,124,8,126,2","clinicians,124,2","close,70,2,59,1,66,1,75,3,76,1,104,1,127,1","closed,59,1,104,1,122,2,123,2,125,3,127,2,128,3,140,1,143,1","closely,33,1,127,1","closescrutiny,6,1","clothing,122,12,123,12,124,1","clumps,135,1","cm,57,2,135,1","cme,124,2","cmk,57,1","cns,124,6,126,2","co,70,2,34,3,43,1,52,1,124,1,125,4,129,1,133,1,141,1,144,1","coade,133,1","coal,11,2,15,2,24,5,72,1,60,1,63,30,106,26,74,1,76,1,78,1,104,1,102,1,103,2,107,4,108,1,116,2,130,18,129,28,132,23,146,5,147,5,148,15,149,15,150,1,151,5,152,14,153,14,154,1","coalescer,52,1","coalescers,43,1","coarse,122,1","coast,70,1,107,1,142,1","coastal,142,1","coated,65,1","coating,131,1","coatings,49,4,123,1","coats,125,1","cocaine,125,2","code,126,1","coefficient,57,1,101,1","cognizant,93,1,125,1","cohort,126,10","cohorts,126,2","coiled,31,5","coin,32,6,136,1","coined,124,1","coins,32,1","coke,24,1,103,1,107,1,108,27,154,26","cold,1,4,2,4,6,4,9,1,10,5,15,2,45,4,19,4,23,4,37,16,41,8,61,2,65,4,68,4,75,7,104,1,107,1,112,8,114,4,118,4,125,2,131,4,137,4","coldboxes,133,1","coldham,133,1","colds,125,1","coldseparators,25,1","colic,125,2","collapse,125,1","colleague,125,4","colleagues,125,6","collect,122,1,123,1","collected,104,1,123,4,126,1,129,1,141,9","collecting,123,1,128,1","collection,35,1,60,4,122,1,126,1","collections,140,1","collectively,60,1","college,59,1,124,3","collin,56,1","colloidal,35,1,126,1","colon,125,1","colonial,144,1","color,138,2","colored,57,1","colorless,123,3","colors,59,1","colour,57,1","columbia,107,1","columbian,144,1","column,66,1","columns,125,1","com,12,1,13,1,20,3,22,1,56,1,69,1,79,1,93,2","comanche,59,1","combat,49,1,113,1,114,1,133,1","combination,73,1,71,1,93,1,126,1,127,1","combine,61,1,143,6","combined,32,1,34,1,59,1,60,2,61,1,126,1","combust,106,1,102,1,103,1,108,1,146,1,147,1,148,1,149,1,150,1,151,1,152,1,153,1,154,1","combusted,74,1,116,4","combustible,122,2,123,2","combustion,16,1,72,1,60,1,63,4,64,1,71,2,74,9,75,1,76,3,104,6,102,4,103,4,107,2,116,8,130,2,129,1,132,2","come,45,1,63,1,66,2,75,1,93,1,107,1,125,2","comes,63,3,122,1,123,1,125,1","coming,125,1,126,1","comm,126,1","comment,104,1","comments,22,2,126,5,137,20","commerce,59,1","commercial,9,10,10,1,13,1,22,1,34,2,36,1,60,1,64,2,71,1,104,1,102,1,103,1,122,1,123,1,128,1,143,1","commerciallaboratory,48,1","commercially,36,1,38,1,55,1,122,1","commission,104,1","committed,140,1","committee,56,4,123,1,124,2","commodities,62,1","common,34,2,36,1,38,1,60,1,66,2,93,1,122,1,124,3,125,1,126,1,127,2,141,1,138,1","commonly,34,1,36,1,64,1,73,1,119,1,124,3","communication,135,1","communist,61,1","community,102,1,103,1,128,3","companies,1,1,2,1,20,1,26,1,49,1,51,1,52,1,54,4,56,2,93,1","companion,126,1","companionable,125,1","company,1,1,2,10,4,2,5,1,10,5,16,1,45,4,70,1,19,4,20,2,26,2,27,1,41,1,56,2,59,12,139,1,128,9,145,3","comparable,60,1","comparativestudy,126,1","compare,77,1,125,1","compared,72,1,61,1,64,1,71,1,75,1,126,14,132,1,134,1,141,1","comparedwith,126,3","compares,36,1","comparison,104,1,107,1,114,1,126,1","comparisons,75,1,126,2","compartment,128,1","compatibility,114,1,131,5","compete,124,2","competition,32,1","compilation,16,1,69,1,102,1","compilations,104,1","compiled,24,1,63,1,75,1,104,2,127,1","compiles,74,1","compiling,69,1","complain,125,1","complained,126,1","complaining,124,1","complaint,122,1","complaints,123,1,125,1,126,1","complete,33,1,92,1,122,2,123,2,124,4,125,3,126,1,127,1","completed,16,4,19,1,30,1,61,1,63,1,122,1,123,1,125,1","completely,70,1,48,1,64,1,123,2,124,1,125,3,143,1","completion,93,1","completions,56,1,75,1,115,1","complex,62,1,72,1,64,1,75,1,124,2,125,2,128,1,143,1","complexed,75,2,107,1","complexes,138,1","compliance,35,1,122,1,123,1","complicate,126,1","complicated,8,1,66,1","complications,15,1,83,1,124,3","comply,15,1,83,1","component,6,1,15,1,70,2,35,1,38,1,74,1,83,1,107,4","components,15,1,52,1,60,1,71,1,157,1","composition,32,1,107,1,131,1","compound,34,1,56,1,124,4,127,1,128,1","compounded,73,1","compounds,16,2,70,2,33,1,35,11,36,4,38,1,40,1,72,4,73,3,71,1,74,1,75,5,104,2,102,2,103,2,107,1,116,1,122,1,123,24,124,6,125,1,126,5,127,4,134,1,141,1,138,1,157,3","comprehensive,10,1,20,2,60,1,104,1,126,1,127,3","compressed,96,1,99,1","comprises,61,1","compromise,30,1,79,1,104,1,127,1","compromised,125,1","computational,1,1,16,4,23,1,29,1,37,1,50,1,52,1,54,1,56,1","computationalprediction,6,1","computations,127,1","computer,36,1,126,4","concentrate,141,1,143,2","concentrated,70,1,127,1,141,1","concentrates,127,1","concentrating,143,1","concentration,15,2,17,1,24,5,33,2,35,1,36,3,37,1,38,2,39,1,72,1,61,5,73,1,92,6,105,8,106,1,75,12,76,1,77,3,78,1,104,18,119,1,107,8,126,14,127,13,129,1,132,1,134,2,141,5,143,2,146,1,147,1,148,1,149,1,150,1,151,1,152,1,153,1,157,1","concentrations,5,1,15,3,20,2,33,3,35,1,36,1,39,1,72,4,52,1,61,3,64,5,73,3,92,3,106,1,74,1,75,17,76,1,77,3,78,2,83,3,104,11,119,1,107,4,122,4,123,10,126,10,127,12,128,1,129,3,141,11,143,1,155,1","concentrationsfound,107,1","concentrators,145,1","concentric,123,1","concept,36,4","conceptual,16,8,17,1,27,6,28,11,36,12,43,2,52,14,113,1","concern,37,1,61,2,64,1,115,1,124,1,125,1,126,1,141,1","concerned,64,1,79,1,125,1","concerning,45,1,35,1,46,1,53,1,74,1,77,1,115,1,126,4,127,1","concerns,15,1,72,1,60,1,75,1,124,1,125,1,141,1","conclude,64,1","concluded,70,1,125,1,126,1","conclusion,61,1,126,1","conclusions,104,2","conclusive,127,1","concrete,128,2","concurrent,56,1,126,2","condensate,1,4,16,2,27,1,34,1,35,1,36,1,43,5,75,3,102,6,127,1","condensates,35,2,72,1,55,1,74,1,75,1,102,1,107,2,117,1","condensatetaken,5,1","condensation,6,1,23,1,72,1,120,1,118,1","condense,128,2,157,1","condensed,49,1","condenser,128,4","condensers,128,4","condition,124,1","conditioning,15,1,83,1","conditions,23,1,107,1,116,1,122,2,123,2,125,1,126,1,127,1,131,2,128,1,145,2","conduct,1,1","conducted,4,1,50,1,59,1,75,1,104,3,126,4","conduction,126,3","conductivity,57,1","conducts,49,1","conference,17,3,18,1,72,1,49,1,56,1,92,1,75,3,77,1,104,3,102,1,103,1,107,1,113,3,122,1,123,1,127,1,133,1","confidence,76,1,126,5","configuration,104,1","configurations,52,1","confirm,70,1,20,1,60,1,79,1,124,1,127,1","confirmatory,124,1","confirmed,70,1,124,1,125,1","confirming,20,1","conflictingdata,126,1","confounded,126,2","confounders,126,1","confounding,126,1","confused,66,1,124,1","confusion,124,1,126,1","congo,107,1","congress,6,1,49,1,75,1,76,1,104,2,102,2,103,2,113,1,114,1,126,2,133,1","congresswhich,126,2","conjunction,2,1,36,1","conjunctiva,122,2","conjunctivitis,122,1,124,1","conjures,128,1","connected,125,4","connecticut,66,1","connection,70,2,125,1","connections,125,1","conscious,122,1,123,1","consciousdesire,107,1","conscripted,144,1","consecutive,122,1,123,1","consequence,20,1","consequences,15,1,20,1,38,1,118,2","consequently,61,1","conservation,61,1","consider,60,1","considerable,59,2,104,1,107,1,123,1,125,1,126,1,128,1,143,2","considerably,127,1","consideration,20,1,26,1,36,1","considerations,36,2,75,1,127,1","considered,30,1,32,1,36,1,74,1,75,1,115,2,116,5,122,1,124,6,126,4,127,1,130,1,141,1,143,1","considereda,126,1","considering,60,1,61,1,125,1","considers,126,1","consist,64,1,122,1,123,1,125,1","consisted,37,1,125,1,126,3","consistency,107,1","consistent,75,1,107,2,126,1","consisting,125,1","consists,61,1,142,1","consolation,70,1","constant,24,5,39,1,98,26,116,1,125,6,127,1,131,1","constantly,125,2","constants,39,1","constellation,124,1","constipation,123,2,124,1","constituent,15,1,20,1","constituents,93,1,102,1","constitute,15,1,60,2,127,1","constitution,145,1","constrains,107,1","constricted,70,1","constricting,124,1","constriction,123,1,124,1","construct,30,1,104,1","constructed,26,1,29,1,72,1,76,1,126,1","construction,3,1,27,1,46,1,59,1,65,1","constructs,45,1","consult,96,1,97,1,98,1,99,1,100,1,101,1,124,1","consultant,56,5","consultation,16,1,124,1","consultations,16,2,124,1","consulted,122,1,125,1,127,1","consulting,1,1,9,1,10,5,45,4,19,4,54,22,56,3","consults,56,1","consume,61,1,64,1,127,2","consumed,61,6,64,5,74,1,104,1,141,1","consumer,64,1","consumers,36,1,61,2,64,2","consumes,61,1","consuming,64,1,125,1","consumption,70,1,59,2,61,14,64,5,104,1,126,1,127,2,143,1,144,1","contact,1,1,2,1,3,1,4,1,5,1,6,1,7,1,8,1,9,1,10,1,11,1,13,14,14,1,15,1,16,1,44,1,45,2,62,1,70,1,17,1,18,1,19,1,20,1,22,2,23,1,24,1,25,1,26,1,27,1,28,1,29,1,30,1,31,1,32,1,33,1,34,1,35,1,36,1,37,1,38,1,39,1,40,1,41,1,42,1,43,1,72,1,46,1,47,1,48,1,49,1,50,1,51,1,52,1,53,1,54,1,55,1,56,1,57,1,58,1,59,1,60,1,61,1,63,1,64,1,65,2,66,1,67,1,68,1,69,1,73,1,71,1,84,1,85,1,86,1,87,1,88,1,89,1,90,1,91,1,92,1,105,1,106,1,121,1,74,1,75,1,76,1,77,1,78,1,79,1,80,1,81,1,82,1,83,1,104,1,93,2,96,1,97,1,98,1,99,1,100,1,101,1,102,1,103,1,119,1,120,1,107,1,108,1,109,1,111,1,113,1,114,2,115,1,116,1,117,1,118,1,122,9,123,7,124,2,125,3,126,5,127,1,130,1,139,1,131,1,128,1,129,1,136,1,137,1,132,1,133,1,134,1,135,1,140,1,141,2,138,1,143,1,142,1,144,1,145,1,146,1,147,1,148,1,149,1,150,1,151,1,152,1,153,1,154,1,155,1,156,1,157,1","contacted,61,1,122,3,123,2","contacting,70,1,123,1","contacts,126,3","contain,15,1,34,1,35,1,38,1,40,2,52,1,60,4,61,3,73,1,71,1,74,2,75,1,117,1,124,5,127,4,128,1,141,5,143,1","contained,60,2,61,1,65,1,123,1,124,2,125,2,126,2,143,2","container,5,1,125,1","containers,71,3,75,2,122,1,123,5,131,2","containing,15,1,70,1,34,1,36,1,38,1,46,1,47,4,49,4,54,1,56,1,60,8,73,2,75,1,79,1,113,1,114,2,123,11,124,4,125,1,127,1,131,1,128,1,134,2,141,1,143,3","containingeither,79,1","contains,17,1,34,1,38,11,61,1,75,2,113,1,124,1","contaminant,34,1,60,1","contaminants,2,1,10,1,26,1,36,1,60,1,61,2,142,1,155,1,157,1","contaminated,6,6,15,2,23,2,34,3,38,1,40,3,41,2,46,2,49,2,54,1,56,1,60,1,61,3,64,2,65,1,73,1,93,1,113,1,114,1,122,5,123,6,124,3,126,1,133,1","contaminates,15,4","contamination,10,1,15,8,16,1,26,1,29,1,35,1,38,1,40,4,46,1,49,1,54,1,56,3,60,3,61,3,93,6,113,2,124,2,141,1","content,33,1,71,1,92,1,106,1,77,2,104,9,124,1,125,3,126,1,143,2","contents,61,1,141,2","context,65,1","continents,2,1","contingencies,15,1,33,1,37,1,127,1","contingency,54,1","continue,61,1,124,2,125,2","continued,70,2,59,2,60,1,125,2,139,1,144,1","continues,60,1","continuing,60,1","continuous,31,1,118,1,127,1","continuously,59,1,131,1","contract,45,1,29,1,56,2,59,1,73,1,75,1,102,3,103,2","contracting,26,1","contradict,61,1","contraindicated,124,4","contraindications,124,3","contrast,60,1,126,1","contribute,76,1,127,1","contributed,64,1,92,1,139,1,128,1","contributes,75,1","contributing,60,1,122,1,123,1,124,1,127,1","contribution,92,1,75,1,76,1,77,1,104,1,127,1,130,3","contributions,75,1,127,1,128,1","control,1,9,2,8,8,8,9,8,10,15,12,8,13,8,45,14,62,8,70,9,19,12,23,8,33,8,37,8,42,4,43,8,46,8,51,8,54,8,59,1,73,8,74,4,104,1,107,1,122,1,123,1,124,4,126,11,130,1,139,4,132,1,133,2,135,4,141,4,142,5,157,1","controlcohort,126,1","controlled,38,1,126,1","controls,43,1,102,1,103,1,122,3,123,3,126,12,127,1","controversy,70,1,135,1","convection,131,1","convened,60,1","convenience,60,2","convention,61,1,49,1,113,1,114,1,133,3","conventional,34,1,102,1,103,1","converge,126,1","convergence,125,1","conversion,35,1,55,1,126,7","conversionfactor,126,1","converted,27,1,59,1,124,3,126,2,141,2","convince,125,1","convulsions,123,2","cooked,61,3","cooking,116,3","coolants,131,2","cooled,125,1,128,1","cooling,145,1","cooman,126,1","cooperation,92,1,77,1,104,1,141,1","coordination,126,3","cope,15,1,83,1","copies,17,1,22,1","copious,124,1","copper,16,1,32,1,65,1,68,4,114,1,115,2,122,2,125,2,131,4,137,20,143,7","copy,4,1,6,1,8,1,9,1,15,1,16,1,44,1,45,1,61,1,62,1,70,1,19,1,22,1,23,1,25,1,27,1,30,1,32,1,33,1,34,1,35,1,39,1,40,1,43,1,72,2,46,1,47,1,49,1,51,1,56,1,59,1,60,1,67,1,68,1,69,1,73,1,71,1,74,1,75,1,76,1,77,2,83,1,96,1,97,1,98,1,100,1,101,1,107,1,111,1,114,1,116,1,117,1,122,1,124,1,125,1,126,1,127,1,130,1,131,1,129,1,137,1,133,1,134,1,135,1,138,1,144,1,154,1,155,1,156,1,157,1","copyright,4,1,8,1,9,1,15,1,16,1,44,1,45,1,61,1,62,1,70,1,19,1,22,1,23,1,25,1,27,1,30,1,32,1,33,1,34,1,40,1,43,1,72,1,46,1,47,1,49,1,51,1,56,1,59,1,60,1,67,1,68,1,69,1,73,1,71,1,74,1,75,1,76,1,77,1,83,1,96,1,97,1,98,1,100,1,101,1,107,1,111,1,114,1,116,1,117,1,122,1,124,1,125,1,126,1,127,1,130,1,131,1,129,1,137,1,133,1,134,1,135,1,138,1,144,1,154,1,155,1,156,1,157,1","cordle,61,1","core,6,1","cornea,122,1","corneal,122,1","cornell,124,1","corners,125,1","corns,102,1,103,1,107,1","cornstarch,61,2","corode,125,1","corporate,4,4,7,1,26,18","corporation,10,1,70,6,104,1,102,1,103,1,141,2,145,1","corporations,145,1","corr,49,1,134,1","correct,124,5,125,2","corrected,75,1","correlate,5,1","correlated,124,1,126,2,135,1","correlates,127,1","correlation,126,6,127,1","correspond,126,1,127,1","corresponded,131,1","corresponding,104,3","corresponds,126,1","corroborate,126,1","corros,135,1","corrosion,1,8,2,4,6,4,7,4,9,1,10,4,11,2,45,4,17,5,19,4,23,1,30,11,35,4,40,6,41,1,42,1,49,9,56,7,65,52,68,30,79,22,93,4,114,20,115,2,117,7,127,1,131,40,137,17,133,5,134,24,135,23","corrosive,65,1,124,4,134,1","corrosiveness,124,1","cortest,56,2","cortex,124,4,126,2","cortical,126,1","cosmetics,124,1","cost,61,1,20,1,36,2,38,1,42,1,47,2,54,1,63,1,66,1","costaa,130,1","costello,126,2","costly,128,1","costs,15,1,36,1,59,2","cotherapy,124,1","cough,122,2,126,2","could,5,1,70,1,60,1,75,1,124,1,125,6,126,3,144,2","couldn,125,2","council,75,1,102,1,103,1,139,1","count,124,1,125,1","counties,59,1","countries,1,1,61,1,59,1,60,1,64,1,143,1","country,59,2,75,1,119,1,107,7,130,3,132,1,143,3","county,59,1,126,1,142,10,145,2","coupled,17,1,75,3","coupons,131,1","course,34,1,92,1,77,1,104,1,125,6,126,2","court,61,4,70,1","courtesy,27,1,65,1","courtyard,140,1","covalent,124,1","covered,61,2,125,1,131,1,128,1","covering,141,1","cox,126,1","cr,3,1,124,1,131,1,129,1","crack,133,1","cracker,43,5,118,5","crackers,6,1,34,1,118,4","cracking,15,2,23,1,30,1,37,4,42,1,49,3,56,1,65,13,68,4,114,2,115,2,131,4,137,4,133,1","crackinitiation,6,1","cracks,125,3,131,1","cragle,126,2","cranial,126,1","cream,124,1","create,61,1,60,1,66,1","created,16,1,59,1,139,2,128,1","creates,75,1","creating,125,1","creatinine,126,12,127,3","credit,66,2","creek,128,2","crematoria,130,1","cretaceous,102,2","criepi,129,1","criteria,36,1,72,1,122,2,126,6","critical,4,1,6,1,33,1,48,1,64,1,114,1,122,1,126,1","critically,36,1,37,1","crofts,126,1","cromer,126,1","crops,119,1","cross,124,1,126,1,127,2,131,1","crosses,20,1,127,3","crude,1,4,2,4,8,1,10,4,15,5,16,6,44,1,17,5,19,1,24,2,33,28,34,3,35,1,39,18,43,1,72,3,55,15,56,2,71,17,92,28,74,1,75,41,76,3,77,26,78,21,83,2,104,20,98,1,102,59,103,3,107,47,111,1,113,3,157,15","crudeoil,107,1","crudes,15,1,33,1,75,3,107,2","crumbly,125,1","crustal,109,1","crusts,138,1","crying,123,2","cryogenic,15,1,16,6,23,13,25,14,34,1,35,1,37,12,41,11,42,1,72,1,49,1,53,5,113,1,114,1,118,1,133,2","crystal,138,4","crystalline,122,1","crystals,131,1,138,5","cs,107,2","cu,34,1,126,50","cubic,122,1,123,1,125,3,127,1","cultural,140,2","cumulative,126,2","cumulativeexposure,126,1","cup,61,3","cuprimine,124,1","curing,66,1","current,55,1,64,1,74,1,75,1,122,1,123,1,126,2,127,2,130,1,128,1,135,1","currently,61,1,55,1,60,2,75,1,141,1","currents,135,1","curriculum,56,13","currie,114,1","curtailed,125,1","cussen,78,1,107,1,113,1","customers,1,1,10,1","customs,128,1","cut,61,1,125,2,155,2,157,2","cutaneous,124,1","cuts,34,1,127,1","cutting,61,1","cv,124,1","cvaa,75,4","cvaf,75,12","cyanic,125,1","cycle,11,1,72,1,60,1,64,22,126,3,131,2,128,1","cycles,64,2,126,3","cyclesduring,126,1","cycling,126,1","cymric,102,2","cynics,66,1","cysteine,124,1","cytogenetic,126,3","czechoslovakian,126,1","d396,104,1","da3,106,1,108,1,146,1,147,1,148,1,149,1,150,1,151,1,152,1,153,1,154,1","dagestan,143,1","dahlberg,133,1","dahlemkaiser,125,1","dai,131,2","daily,61,6,124,1,126,2,127,1,144,1","dallas,102,1,103,1,128,1","dalneye,143,1","damage,61,1,70,1,30,1,122,3,123,4,124,1,125,2,126,3","damaged,61,1,125,1","damageinduced,126,1","damages,35,1","damaging,125,1","dams,126,4","danbury,66,1","danger,64,1,125,5","dangerous,70,1,124,1,125,1","dangerously,61,1","dangerousness,125,1","dangers,125,2","danilchik,104,1,102,1,103,1","danish,143,1","danziger,122,1","darker,138,1","data,6,1,7,1,10,1,11,1,15,1,16,4,61,4,17,1,18,1,19,1,23,2,24,21,33,1,35,2,36,1,48,2,54,1,57,2,60,5,65,1,68,1,69,1,85,1,92,1,105,1,106,2,74,2,75,17,76,5,77,3,80,1,81,1,82,1,104,29,96,7,97,5,98,1,99,2,100,2,101,1,102,7,103,3,107,2,108,1,109,1,122,3,123,12,125,1,126,17,127,6,139,2,129,1,132,1,141,2,143,2,142,1,146,2,147,2,148,2,149,2,150,2,151,2,152,3,153,2,154,1","database,23,1,77,1,104,1,126,1,137,1","datafor,48,1","date,1,1,2,1,3,1,4,1,5,1,6,1,7,1,8,1,9,1,10,1,11,1,12,1,13,1,14,1,15,1,16,1,44,1,45,1,61,1,62,1,70,1,17,1,18,1,19,1,20,1,22,1,23,1,24,1,25,1,26,1,27,1,28,1,29,1,30,1,31,1,32,1,33,1,34,1,35,1,36,1,37,1,38,1,39,1,40,1,41,1,42,1,43,1,72,1,46,1,47,1,48,1,49,1,50,1,51,1,52,1,53,1,54,1,55,1,56,1,57,1,58,1,59,1,60,1,63,2,64,1,65,1,66,1,67,1,68,1,69,1,73,1,71,1,84,1,85,1,86,1,87,1,88,1,89,1,90,1,91,1,92,1,105,1,106,1,121,1,74,1,75,1,76,1,77,1,78,1,79,1,80,1,81,1,82,1,83,1,104,1,96,1,97,1,98,1,99,1,100,1,101,1,102,1,103,1,119,1,120,1,107,1,108,1,109,1,111,1,113,1,115,1,116,1,117,1,118,1,122,1,123,1,124,1,125,1,126,7,127,1,130,1,139,1,131,1,128,1,129,1,136,1,137,1,132,1,133,1,134,1,135,1,140,1,141,1,138,1,143,1,142,1,144,1,145,1,146,1,147,1,148,1,149,1,150,1,151,1,152,1,153,1,154,1,155,1,156,1,157,1","dateline,66,1","dates,140,1,143,1","dating,138,1","daughter,124,1","david,74,1,78,1,123,1","dawley,126,2","day,61,14,59,1,116,2,122,1,123,1,125,1,126,9,127,1,139,1,128,3,144,1","days,61,2,123,1,124,3,125,6,126,10,127,6,128,1","dc,61,1,74,1,75,2,102,5,103,3,126,6","deaconess,124,1","dead,144,1","deal,125,1","dealing,124,1,125,1","dealluvial,143,1","deals,125,1","death,123,1,124,3,126,4,127,1","deaths,126,4","debated,61,1","deborah,78,1","debutanizers,36,1","decade,75,1,125,1","decades,125,3","december,18,2,66,2,84,1,89,1,104,2,93,1,114,1,135,1","decidedly,125,1","decimal,136,1","decision,125,1","decisions,36,1","decker,67,1","declared,62,1,125,1,140,1,144,1","decline,124,1","declined,60,1,124,1","declining,61,1,128,1","decommissioning,20,1,40,1","decomposed,66,1","decomposition,75,2,104,1,122,1,123,2","decon,42,8,51,4","decontaminate,51,1","decontaminateequipment,20,1","decontamination,2,1,8,1,9,5,10,1,16,2,20,1,30,4,31,15,38,4,42,21,51,14,54,1,56,3,93,1,124,2","decrease,126,3,127,1","decreased,59,1,124,1,126,3","decreasedsensation,126,1","decreases,75,1,127,1","decreasing,124,1","dedicated,1,1,127,1","deep,56,1,59,1,114,2,124,1,126,2,128,2","deer,59,1","defects,61,1,126,1","defendants,61,3","defense,15,2,62,4","defensible,75,1","deficiencies,73,1,127,1","deficiency,124,3","deficient,124,1","deficits,126,1","defied,145,1","definedconditions,6,1","definitions,104,1","definitive,127,1","deformedand,70,1","deg,131,3,128,1","degassing,130,1","degeneration,70,1","degenerative,124,1","degradation,20,1,30,1,49,1,52,1,54,2,56,1","degrading,55,1","degree,29,1,36,1,76,1,124,1,125,1","degrees,61,1,35,1,125,5","dehydration,15,1,16,1,28,1,52,1","dehydrators,36,1","deichmann,122,1","dekker,97,1,114,1","delayed,123,2,124,4","deleterious,34,1,126,1","deliberately,145,1","delicacy,61,4","deliver,125,1","delivered,107,1","demand,61,1,59,1,128,1","dementat,125,1","dementia,70,1,124,3","demethanizer,25,1","demethylated,127,3","demethylation,127,1","demolition,46,1,56,1","demonstrable,122,1","demonstrate,61,1,77,1,126,1","demonstrates,124,2","demonstratesthat,126,1","denarius,136,1","denied,70,1","denmark,107,1","denotes,75,1","denounced,61,1","density,24,5,57,1,96,26,122,1,123,3,124,2,125,1,138,1","dent,135,14","dental,59,1,63,1,65,1,124,5,125,1,126,4,135,20","dentalamalgam,135,1","dentalnurses,126,1","dentist,125,1","dentists,125,1,126,11","denver,133,1,141,1","deny,125,1","department,61,1,62,1,56,2,60,1,75,1,104,1,102,1,103,1,122,5,123,2,124,6","depen,124,1","depend,35,2,104,1","depended,37,1,128,1,145,1","depending,35,1,37,1,38,1,64,1,104,1,124,1,125,1,127,1,131,1","depends,61,1,75,2,124,1","depict,32,1","depiction,32,1","depleted,131,1","depletes,75,1","depletion,124,1","deposit,15,1,59,1,65,1,135,1,140,1,141,1,143,19","deposited,30,1,37,1,63,2,64,2","deposition,1,1,6,1,15,1,16,1,20,1,23,2,25,1,37,3,41,1,64,2,127,1","depositions,46,1,56,1","deposits,6,1,15,1,35,1,59,1,64,1,125,1,127,1,139,1,141,14,143,16,144,1","depressants,122,1","depressing,125,1","depression,124,2,125,1,127,1,128,1","depropanizers,36,1","dept,104,1","depth,93,1,139,1","depths,128,1","deribaupierre,126,2","derivation,126,1,127,1","derivative,70,1","derive,93,1,126,1","derived,70,1,60,1,63,1,75,1,124,1,126,2","derivedfrom,107,1","derives,74,1,127,1,145,1","deriving,56,1","dermal,35,1,73,1,116,1,124,2,127,8","dermally,124,1,126,1,127,2","dermatitis,122,1,123,1,124,1","dermatographia,126,1","des,125,2","desalter,44,1,157,1","desalting,55,1","described,66,1,77,1,125,3,126,6","describedabove,126,1","describing,23,1,125,1","description,57,2,126,1","descriptions,104,1,125,1","deserted,128,1","deserves,125,1","design,1,9,2,5,9,5,10,4,15,1,44,2,16,15,17,1,20,1,23,1,27,6,28,7,32,2,35,1,36,24,43,19,46,1,52,28,54,1,56,1,60,1,83,1,120,1,113,1,114,1,126,1","designated,60,1,126,2,129,1","designed,5,1,8,1,15,1,44,1,45,1,61,1,62,1,70,2,19,1,23,1,27,1,32,1,40,1,42,1,43,1,47,1,49,1,54,1,56,1,59,1,60,1,68,1,111,1,116,1,127,1,130,1,131,1,129,1,135,1,137,1,133,1,134,1,155,1,156,1,157,1","designing,60,1","designs,15,1,32,1,56,1,120,1","desire,32,1,125,1","desired,59,1,125,1","despitethe,126,1","desquamating,124,1","destroy,125,1","destroyer,125,1","desulfurization,129,1","desultory,59,1","detail,71,1,125,1","detailed,36,1,50,1,104,1,122,1,124,1","detailedassessment,6,1","details,41,1,126,3,141,1","detect,93,1,122,1,123,1,127,2","detectable,122,1,125,1,126,1","detected,61,1,34,1,75,2,125,1,126,2,127,1,131,1","detection,1,9,2,8,8,8,9,8,10,15,12,8,13,8,15,1,45,15,62,8,70,8,16,2,19,12,23,8,26,4,27,4,28,4,33,8,35,1,36,4,37,8,43,4,46,8,48,4,51,8,54,8,73,11,71,1,74,4,75,6,77,1,78,1,83,1,104,1,102,4,103,2,107,1,113,1,126,1,127,2,139,4,135,4,133,2,141,4,142,4","detectors,124,1","detergent,122,5,123,5","deterioration,122,1,124,2,125,2","determination,1,1,23,1,72,1,48,1,50,1,73,1,92,1,74,1,75,3,104,4,93,2,122,1,127,1","determinations,33,1,35,1","determine,61,1,16,2,30,1,31,1,37,1,50,1,56,1,71,2,92,2,77,2,104,2,122,1,123,3,124,1,141,1","determined,6,1,61,1,25,1,39,1,50,1,60,1,75,1,78,1,116,1,141,1","determining,2,1,77,1,107,1,124,1","detonators,128,1","detoxify,125,1","detriment,127,1","detrimental,15,1,44,1,35,1,36,1","detroit,122,1","devastating,125,1","develop,2,1,15,1,33,1,54,2,122,1,126,1,127,1,135,1","developed,15,1,70,5,20,1,23,2,35,1,39,1,72,1,50,1,54,1,56,4,66,2,71,1,75,2,83,1,104,2,120,1,125,1,126,2,139,2,128,1,141,1,143,1","developer,56,1","developing,70,1,20,1,72,1,56,1,64,1,127,1","development,1,1,8,10,10,1,16,5,20,2,72,1,55,1,56,2,59,2,60,2,92,1,74,1,75,3,77,1,83,1,93,2,102,2,103,1,125,2,126,1,131,4,143,2","developmental,126,5","developments,20,1","develops,122,2,123,1","deviation,61,1,104,1","deviations,61,1","device,104,1,125,1","devices,15,1,104,1","devonian,102,1","devote,125,1","dew,43,1","dfo,103,2","dhahir,124,1","diagnose,127,2","diagnosed,73,1,125,1","diagnoses,124,1,126,1","diagnosis,73,1,125,1,127,2","diagnostic,124,1,127,1","dialkyl,127,15","dialkylmercury,34,1,35,2,48,1,75,2,107,1,123,4","dialkyls,75,1","diameter,32,1,131,1","diamond,59,4,135,1","diaper,124,1","diapers,126,1","diaphoresis,124,2","diarrhea,122,1,123,4,124,1,125,4","dichloride,34,1","dickite,143,12","dictated,127,1","did,70,1,34,1,66,3,125,4,126,5,128,1,143,1","didn,125,1","die,124,1,125,2","died,124,1,126,1,144,1","diego,49,1,113,1,114,1","diesel,104,1,103,6","diet,15,1,44,1,61,1,70,3,33,1,125,1,127,2","dietary,61,1,64,1,127,3","diethyl,123,1","diethylmercury,75,1,123,4","diets,127,3","differ,75,1","difference,59,1,124,3,126,1","differencein,126,1","different,72,1,75,1,104,1,124,1,126,1,131,1","differential,37,1,39,1","differentials,124,1","differentiation,6,1,35,1","differently,125,1","difficult,10,1,15,2,35,1,36,1,73,1,75,1,124,1,125,1,127,1,128,1,144,1","difficulties,75,1,123,1,125,4,128,1,143,1","difficulty,122,1,124,1,125,1","diffraction,131,2","diffuse,126,1","diffusion,24,5,93,2,101,23,126,1,133,1","digestion,75,4","digestive,122,2,125,1","digging,128,1","digit,125,1","digitsearches,126,1","digoxin,124,1","diligence,26,1","diligent,70,1","dilution,104,1","dime,11,1,32,18","dimercaprol,124,4,127,1","dimercaptopropane,127,1","dimercaptosuccinic,124,4,127,1","dimethyl,123,1,124,1,134,1","dimethylethylarsine,155,1","dimethylmercury,8,4,17,1,24,2,34,8,39,5,58,1,71,1,75,1,98,14,113,1,123,13,134,1","diminish,70,1","diminished,125,2,139,1","diminishing,125,1","diminshment,125,1","diminuition,125,1","diner,124,2","dinman,123,1","diotyl,70,1","dioxide,70,1,79,1,123,1","diphenhydramine,124,1","direct,61,1,126,1","directed,10,1,61,1,56,4,75,1,93,1,107,1,125,1,126,1","direction,60,1,66,2,76,1,125,1","directions,138,1","directive,60,3","directly,60,1,63,1,74,1,104,1","director,61,1,20,2,124,3","dirt,128,1","disagreeable,123,1","disagreement,104,2","disappeared,125,3","disappearing,61,1","discard,61,1","discarded,122,1,123,1","discarding,61,2,75,1","discharge,15,1,70,2,27,1,60,1,73,1,125,1","discharges,20,1,72,1,104,2","discharging,70,2","disclosed,60,1","disclosure,60,1","discoloration,122,1","discounting,75,1","discovered,20,1,37,1,59,1,71,1,115,1,125,1,139,1,128,1,134,1,140,1,143,1,144,1","discoveries,59,1","discovery,59,2,73,1,125,1,127,1","discrete,135,1","discribed,138,1","discrimination,127,1","discuss,83,1","discussed,38,1,126,2,131,2,143,1","discusses,130,1","discussion,75,1,104,2","disease,70,12,122,2,123,2,124,11,125,1,126,2","diseases,122,1,123,1,124,2","disinfectants,124,1","disk,124,1","dismantler,60,1","dismantlers,60,1","dismantling,60,1","disodium,124,2","disorder,123,1","disorders,122,2,123,1,124,1,126,3","disparingly,125,1","dispense,144,1","dispersed,20,1,64,1,143,1","dispersion,129,1","display,125,1","displays,60,1","disposal,15,3,38,23,47,18,54,1,60,3,113,1,123,6","dispose,15,1,35,1","disposed,60,1,123,1","disproportionate,75,1","dispute,48,1","dissertation,125,1","dissociate,34,1","dissociation,34,1","dissolution,127,1,143,1","dissolved,39,1,65,1,75,6,127,1","distal,126,1","distance,75,1,125,1,145,1","distaste,125,1","distefano,131,1","distillate,76,1,104,19,157,2","distillates,104,1,103,1","distillation,49,1,155,2,157,2","distillations,44,1,35,1,72,1,55,1,56,1","distilled,125,4","distills,34,1","distinct,59,1","distinction,127,1","distinguished,56,1,143,1","distorted,66,1","distress,124,1","distribute,33,1,118,1,125,1","distributed,61,3,63,1,124,1","distributes,44,1,33,1,127,1","distribution,9,1,15,1,61,2,16,6,25,8,35,1,36,2,39,1,40,1,48,1,50,15,55,1,56,1,92,1,106,1,74,1,77,1,83,2,124,2,126,1","distributions,61,5","district,70,1,59,3,123,1,128,1","disturbance,124,3,126,1","disturbances,122,4,123,2,124,2,125,4,126,1","diuretics,124,2,125,2","divalent,124,1","divided,61,1,124,1,126,1,136,2","dividing,61,1","division,56,2,102,1,103,1,123,1,124,2","dizziness,123,2","dj,124,1","dk,143,1","dl,102,8,124,1,157,1","dmea,155,1","dmg,98,4","dmhg,34,10,39,2","dmm,134,6","dmsa,124,4","dnsc,62,4","doctor,125,2,128,1","doctorants,125,1","doctors,125,1","document,13,1,16,1,106,1,74,1,104,1,102,1,122,1,123,1,126,6","documentation,36,1,75,1,122,1,123,1,124,1,126,6","documented,36,1,73,1,75,1,126,1","documents,45,1,126,1","dogfish,61,1","doing,61,1","dolly,141,1","domestic,75,1,104,1,107,1,143,1","domestically,74,1,75,1","dominant,34,1,116,1,127,2,141,1","dominate,63,1","dominates,64,1,127,1","domination,139,1","donate,107,1","donated,107,1","donskih,143,1","doomed,128,1","doors,125,2","dormant,143,1","dose,124,10,126,6,127,8","dosemakes,126,1","doses,126,1","dosimetry,126,1","double,125,1","doubt,75,1,125,6","doubted,125,1","doubtful,124,1","doubts,70,1","doull,124,1","dowd,107,1","down,59,2,125,4,143,1,145,1","downhole,5,5,31,8","download,74,1","downloading,60,1","downstream,15,1,36,1,37,1,75,1,141,2","dozen,125,1","dr,10,1,70,2,46,2,49,1,56,6","draft,102,1,103,1,125,1,126,3","drain,61,1","drainage,141,3","drank,124,1","drastic,135,1","drastically,119,1","drawers,125,1","drawn,104,1,126,1","drenching,123,1","dressed,61,1","dried,61,4","drifts,59,1","drill,20,1,93,1","drilling,5,1,59,2,74,1","drinking,126,7,141,1","drinkingwater,126,1","dripped,128,1","drive,128,1","driven,125,1","driving,72,1,73,1","drop,120,1","droplets,122,1,125,1","dropped,128,1","drowned,70,1","drowsiness,125,9","druckrey,126,2","druet,126,3","drug,61,1,64,1,124,7,141,1","drugs,122,1,124,1","dry,37,1,64,1,123,1,126,1","dtp,124,1","ductwork,123,2","due,5,1,15,2,61,3,70,1,16,1,26,1,33,1,35,3,46,1,49,1,60,1,63,1,106,1,74,1,75,1,104,2,118,1,120,1,123,1,124,4,126,3,127,4,130,1,139,2,128,2,143,1,141,1,144,1,145,1","dueto,5,1","duffield,126,1","dug,128,1","dumber,125,2","dumoulin,141,1","dumped,70,1,59,1","duo,75,2,102,2,103,1","duplex,114,2","duquette,133,1","duration,125,1,126,10,127,3","during,5,1,15,1,61,1,16,1,30,1,59,2,60,1,73,4,75,1,78,1,113,1,122,2,123,1,124,4,125,4,126,15,127,1,139,3,131,2,128,2,135,2,143,2,141,1,144,1,145,1","dust,123,1,125,1","dutch,126,1","dutra,126,1","dynamic,116,1","dysarthria,123,1,124,1","dysfunction,123,1,124,2,126,12,127,1","dyspnea,122,1,126,2","eacute,139,5","eaf,60,2","eafs,60,11","ear,125,1","earlier,66,1,75,1,104,1,125,2,131,2","early,5,2,15,3,20,3,58,1,59,2,60,1,75,1,83,3,104,2,124,2,125,2,126,1,127,2,139,1,128,2","earned,128,1","earnings,128,1","ears,125,1","earth,63,1","easiest,128,1","easily,66,1,73,1,124,1,125,2,127,1,141,2","easilydetected,26,1","east,16,2,73,1,102,2,107,1,128,1,143,2","eastern,20,1","easy,15,1,33,1,124,1,125,1","eat,61,1,70,1,64,1","eaten,61,1","eater,61,3","eaters,61,11","eating,61,1,64,1,122,3,123,2,125,1","ebdon,102,1,103,1","ec,102,5","echanger,7,1","ecology,60,1","economic,36,1,139,2,128,1,143,1,141,1","economy,128,1,143,1","ecosystems,141,1","ecs,56,1","ecuador,107,1","edema,124,1","edge,125,1","edges,66,1","edi,61,2","edible,141,2","edited,124,1,126,1","edition,135,1","editor,96,1,99,1,100,1","edmonton,75,1","eds,67,1,100,1,141,2","edta,127,1","educate,60,1","education,20,1,56,1,122,2,126,1,127,1","educational,125,1","edwards,75,1,102,1,103,1","eeg,126,4","eegs,126,2","effect,34,1,49,2,83,1,113,1,114,4,122,1,123,2,124,3,125,1,126,7,129,1,134,2,145,1","effectexposures,126,1","effective,70,1,38,1,42,1,54,1,60,1,122,1,123,1,127,1","effectively,35,1,36,1","effectiveness,93,1","effects,70,2,35,1,49,3,52,1,56,1,64,1,107,1,116,1,122,5,123,2,124,15,125,4,126,35,127,4,135,1,133,1,141,3","effectsdepended,126,1","effectsfor,126,1","effectsreported,126,1","efficacious,124,2","efficacy,124,1","efficiencies,127,2","efficiency,16,2,127,1,128,1","efficient,20,1,52,1,128,1","efficiently,64,2","effluent,54,1,102,1,124,1","effluents,44,4,72,1,50,1,141,1","effort,70,1,36,1,125,3","efforts,8,1,23,1,33,1,73,1,75,1,107,1,125,1,127,1","efskind,126,1","eg,124,8","egg,124,1","egypt,18,1,84,8,88,17,130,1","egyptian,18,1,88,1,138,1","egyptians,124,1,138,1","eight,122,2,123,5,126,1,127,1","eingeg,125,1","eis,62,1","either,61,2,34,1,60,2,63,1,64,3,66,1,126,3,127,1,131,1","eitherthe,126,1","elaborate,128,1","elaborated,143,1","elastic,57,1","elderly,124,1","electric,60,1,63,1,106,2,104,1,102,2,103,2,108,1,129,3,146,1,147,1,148,1,149,1,150,1,151,1,152,1,153,1,154,1","electrical,15,1,57,1,59,1,60,1,125,1,143,1,141,1","electricity,102,1,103,1","electrification,125,1","electroanal,114,1","electrocatalyticefficiency,79,1","electrochem,114,5","electrochemica,101,1","electrochemical,56,3","electrochemistry,56,2","electrodes,114,3","electrolyte,124,1","electrolytic,15,1,114,1","electrolyzers,143,1","electron,114,1,131,3,135,1","electronic,126,1","electrophysiological,123,1","electroplating,124,1","electrostatic,129,1","element,64,1,129,1","elemental,8,1,17,1,34,4,36,1,39,2,72,1,49,2,50,1,54,1,57,1,58,1,63,2,64,1,65,1,66,2,71,1,75,3,79,2,93,3,96,14,97,14,98,14,99,10,100,10,107,3,114,2,116,4,122,17,124,27,126,35,127,10,130,1,128,1,134,3","elementalcasrn,126,2","elementalmercury,79,1,126,1","elements,64,1,71,1,75,3,93,1,96,1,99,1,102,1,103,1,129,7","elevated,34,1,71,1,123,1,124,2,126,3,141,1","elghondi,75,1,102,1,103,1","eliminate,44,1,30,1,36,1,37,1,42,1,60,3,73,1,127,1","eliminated,64,1,104,1,125,1,127,3","elimination,60,1,123,1,124,2,125,1,127,3","elinder,126,1","elitism,61,1","ellingsen,126,2","ellis,128,3","elsa,123,1","elsewhere,64,1","elsie,32,1","elv,60,3","elvs,60,3","email,1,1,2,1,3,1,4,1,5,1,6,1,7,1,8,1,9,1,10,1,11,1,12,1,13,2,14,1,15,1,44,1,45,1,61,1,62,1,70,1,16,1,17,1,18,1,19,1,20,1,22,1,23,1,24,1,25,1,26,1,27,1,28,1,29,1,30,1,31,1,32,1,33,1,34,1,35,1,36,1,37,1,38,1,39,1,40,1,41,1,42,1,43,1,72,1,46,1,47,1,48,1,49,1,50,1,51,1,52,1,53,1,54,1,55,1,56,1,57,1,58,1,59,1,60,1,63,1,64,1,65,1,66,1,67,1,68,1,69,1,71,1,84,1,85,1,86,1,87,1,88,1,89,1,90,1,91,1,92,1,105,1,106,1,121,1,73,1,74,1,75,1,76,1,77,1,78,1,79,1,80,1,81,1,82,1,83,1,104,1,96,1,97,1,98,1,99,1,100,1,101,1,102,1,103,1,118,1,119,1,120,1,107,1,108,1,109,1,111,1,113,1,115,1,116,1,117,1,122,1,123,1,124,1,125,1,126,1,127,1,130,1,139,1,131,1,128,1,129,1,135,1,136,1,137,1,132,1,133,1,134,1,140,1,138,1,143,1,141,1,142,1,144,1,145,1,146,1,147,1,148,1,149,1,150,1,151,1,152,1,153,1,154,1,155,1,156,1,157,1","embalming,124,3","embarked,139,1","embarking,36,1","embrittlement,1,4,2,4,6,6,7,4,10,4,45,4,19,4,23,4,37,4,41,5,46,4,49,6,65,5,68,4,101,4,118,4,120,1,113,2,114,7,115,2,131,6,137,24,133,22","embroidery,126,1,143,1","embryo,124,1","emerg,124,1","emergencies,102,1,103,1,124,1","emergency,102,1,103,1,122,5,123,7,124,10,126,1,142,1","emesis,124,1","emetics,125,1","emission,23,1,60,3,63,2,64,1,67,4,106,1,75,2,76,2,104,10,93,1,102,2,103,3,108,1,123,1,129,6,146,1,147,1,148,1,149,1,150,1,151,1,152,1,153,1,154,1","emissionfrom,130,1","emissions,11,5,70,1,16,1,17,1,72,4,60,10,63,25,64,3,92,1,74,15,75,3,76,22,77,1,104,11,102,7,103,7,107,3,113,1,130,14,129,13,132,10","emitted,15,1,63,2,64,3,106,1,76,1,104,1","emitter,130,1","emotional,123,2,124,1","emphasis,10,1,47,1,131,2","emphatically,125,1","emphysema,124,1","empirical,16,1,23,1,39,1,50,1","employ,23,1,35,1,38,1,60,1,143,1","employed,93,1,126,6,128,1,145,1","employee,122,6,123,10,128,1","employees,122,5,123,7","employers,122,1,123,1","employingany,145,1","employment,56,2,126,4","encapsulated,125,1","encephalopathy,124,2","enclosed,125,3","encompass,127,1","encounter,54,1","encountered,15,1,33,1,73,1,93,1,128,1","encounteredin,26,1","encouraged,131,1","encyclopedia,114,1,122,2,123,2","end,59,1,60,6,66,1,106,1,75,1,122,1,123,1,125,2,126,2,128,2,143,2","endangered,61,1","endeavor,59,1","endogenous,124,2","ends,60,1,124,1,125,1","enemas,124,1","energy,62,1,17,1,39,1,72,1,56,1,60,1,92,1,75,5,104,2,98,1,102,5,103,5,107,1,113,2,131,1,129,1","enforce,60,1","enforcement,122,1,123,1","eng,49,1,114,1,133,1,134,1","engaged,56,1,123,1","engages,10,1","engineering,10,2,49,1,56,4,122,2,123,2,129,1","engineers,18,2,56,4,90,1,80,1,83,1,104,2,102,2,103,2,107,1,133,1","england,123,1,136,1","english,70,1,126,1,136,1,133,2","enough,125,2","ensemble,75,1","ensemblereflected,107,1","ensembles,106,1","ensure,20,2,60,1,83,1,118,1,107,1","enter,122,1,123,1","entered,70,1","entering,60,1,107,2","enterohepatic,124,2","enterprise,143,3","enterprises,143,3","enters,63,1,74,1,125,1,127,1,141,2","entertainment,60,1","enthalpy,57,3","entire,20,1,33,1,34,1,36,1,38,1,71,1,73,1,76,1,78,1,79,1,126,1,127,1,139,1,145,1","entry,122,1,123,1,126,1,127,1","env,78,1","enviroexpo,113,1","environ,75,1,76,1,104,2,102,1,103,1,107,1,113,1,124,2,126,22,129,1","environment,17,1,72,1,49,4,52,1,60,6,64,1,65,1,73,1,74,3,75,2,76,1,102,2,103,2,114,1,130,1,129,2,135,2,137,20,143,2,141,2","environmental,10,1,15,1,61,4,62,1,16,2,17,1,20,1,30,1,33,1,38,1,41,1,72,1,49,1,56,6,60,5,63,1,64,1,65,13,68,4,92,4,106,1,74,1,75,6,77,3,104,5,102,15,103,13,107,3,108,1,113,4,122,2,123,5,124,4,126,10,131,4,137,23,141,8,146,1,147,1,148,1,149,1,150,1,151,1,152,1,153,1,154,1","environmentalcriteria,126,2","environmentally,62,1,49,1,115,1,133,1","environments,20,1,49,11,56,1,73,4,79,2,113,1,114,6,115,1,127,2","enzyme,124,2","enzymes,124,3","eosinophilia,124,1","epa,16,2,17,2,19,1,49,1,56,2,58,1,63,1,64,1,71,1,92,20,106,2,74,5,75,8,76,1,77,18,104,16,102,12,103,15,107,2,108,1,113,3,126,40,127,1,143,1,141,2,142,1,146,1,147,1,148,1,149,1,150,1,151,1,152,1,153,1,154,1","epahas,126,1","epamail,126,2","epidemic,123,1","epidemiol,126,2","epidemiologic,126,2","epidemiological,126,1","epidemiologyin,126,1","epithelium,122,2","epma,131,1","epoxy,65,1","epri,104,1","equal,61,2,74,1,143,2","equaled,59,1","equilibrates,75,1","equilibria,127,1","equilibrium,39,1,50,5,127,1","equipment,2,1,8,1,9,1,10,1,15,11,45,1,70,1,16,15,20,1,23,18,25,4,29,2,30,1,31,1,33,1,34,1,35,2,36,3,37,4,38,1,41,15,42,4,43,1,46,5,51,1,52,9,53,1,54,7,56,5,73,4,75,1,83,2,104,1,93,1,118,1,120,2,115,18,122,3,123,3,127,4,128,1,133,1,134,1","equipmentinspection,16,2","equipped,104,1","equivalent,126,1,127,1","equivocal,126,1","ercury,139,1","erebus,67,1","erethism,124,2","error,72,1,75,1,76,1","errors,15,1,33,1,71,1,75,3","eruptions,141,1","ervin,124,1","erythema,124,3","erythredemapolyneuropathy,126,1","erythrocytes,124,3","escape,107,1,128,1","especially,15,1,64,1,74,1,83,1,104,1,124,4,125,2,127,1","espeleta,139,1","essential,6,1,35,1,36,3,124,1,126,1","essentially,5,1,70,1,104,1,124,1,143,1","establish,60,1,83,1,122,1,123,1,127,1","established,61,1,70,2,122,1,123,1,124,2,126,1,127,1,143,1,141,1,145,1","establishment,59,1,128,1","estimate,61,3,17,1,47,1,60,1,92,1,75,1,76,19,77,1,104,3,107,1,113,1,122,1,123,1,126,3,127,1","estimated,61,2,70,1,37,1,60,4,74,1,75,1,76,3,104,3,126,4,127,3,129,1,143,1,145,1","estimates,72,1,60,2,74,2,75,1,104,12,102,1,103,1,126,1,130,1","estimating,61,1,64,1,74,1,75,1,104,4,102,2,103,2","estimation,74,2,93,1,127,2,143,1","estimations,143,1","estrus,126,6","estuary,70,1","etal,126,3","etce,72,1,113,1","etching,135,1","ethanizer,25,1","ethanol,124,1","ether,134,1","ethyl,123,2","ethylene,15,6,45,4,19,4,23,4,37,4,41,4,50,1,114,4,133,1","ethylenediaminetetraacetic,124,2","ethylmercuric,122,1,123,4","etwir,75,1,102,1,103,1","eu,60,2,130,16","eugene,70,1","eur,133,1","euro2,61,1","euro80,61,1","europe,16,5,20,1,60,1,73,1,107,1,130,2","european,60,2,63,1,130,1,140,1","eutectic,131,2","evacuated,125,1","evade,35,1","evaluate,41,1,49,1,54,1,113,1,114,1,126,1,127,1,129,1,141,1","evaluated,75,1,104,1,126,4","evaluation,16,1,23,1,49,1,75,1,102,1,103,1,120,1,114,3,122,3,123,4,124,1,126,7,127,1","evaluationof,126,1","evaluations,41,1,127,1","evaporate,123,2,125,1","evaporated,39,1","evaporating,123,2","evaporation,8,1,50,1,122,1,123,3","even,6,1,61,1,60,3,64,1,124,1,125,8,126,1,127,1","evenly,61,1","event,59,1,66,1,122,1,123,1","events,120,1,140,1","eventually,70,1,141,1","everyone,124,1","everything,125,2","evidence,35,1,122,3,123,3,124,3,126,13","evidenceof,126,1","evident,131,1","evidently,135,1","evil,138,1","evoking,125,1","evolution,104,2","evolved,35,1,104,1,93,1","ex,123,1","exact,70,1,35,1,73,1,75,2,127,1","exactly,15,1,33,1,125,2","exam,124,2,127,1","examination,122,5,123,4,124,2,126,1","examinations,122,1,123,1","examine,124,1","examined,23,2,30,1,36,2,37,1,39,1,71,1,92,1,74,1,75,5,78,1,79,1,104,1,119,1,107,1,115,1,116,1,122,1,123,1,126,6","examinedanalytical,4,1","examinedsampling,107,1","examinedsubjects,126,1","examines,36,1,60,2,74,2","examining,49,1,77,1","example,61,1,116,1,125,2","exams,124,1,125,1","exceded,125,1","exceed,15,1,33,1,74,1,104,1,127,3,143,1,141,3","exceeded,126,7,143,1","exceeded25,145,1","exceeds,38,1,141,1","excellent,125,1","exceptions,63,1,122,1,123,1","excerpt,104,2","excess,62,1,122,1,141,1","excessive,122,2,126,1","excessmercury,135,1","exchanger,1,6,2,4,3,10,6,1,10,4,45,4,19,4,23,4,29,4,37,6,41,9,120,1,114,4,133,1","exchangers,3,1,6,11,15,3,16,2,17,1,23,1,25,1,29,1,35,1,37,10,41,5,49,2,51,1,83,1,118,1,120,17,113,2,114,2,127,1,133,4","exchangerscontaminated,6,2","excipient,124,1","excitability,127,1","excluding,125,1","excrete,125,1","excreted,124,2,125,2","excretion,123,2,124,4,125,1,126,19,127,2","excursion,128,1","executive,61,1,20,1,60,1,124,1","exercise,36,1,37,1","exercize,125,1","exfoliative,124,1","exhaust,128,1","exhausted,143,2","exhaustion,125,1,139,1","exhibit,72,1,73,1,104,1,126,1","exhibited,107,1,126,7","exhibition,127,1","exist,35,1,60,1,74,1,75,3,116,1,126,1,139,1,128,1","existed,34,1,75,1,104,1,126,1,131,2","existence,75,1","existing,20,1,36,3,72,1,60,4,64,1,74,1,75,1,122,1,123,1,125,2,143,1","exists,107,1,124,2","exiting,37,1","exits,34,1","expanded,70,1","expander,16,1","expansion,70,1,57,1,59,2,139,2","expect,141,1","expectancy,144,1","expectation,75,1","expected,61,1,33,1,75,1,77,1,104,3,107,2,115,1,122,2,123,1,125,1,126,3","expelled,124,1","expense,15,1,73,1","expensive,125,1,157,1","experience,2,1,10,2,14,1,16,14,20,1,41,2,42,1,46,1,48,1,49,1,50,1,52,1,56,3,125,1,126,2","experienced,20,2,125,1,128,1","experiencedlonger,126,1","experiences,125,2","experiment,126,2","experiments,70,3,23,1,71,1","expert,9,4,46,16,56,2","expertise,10,1,33,1,56,1","experttestimony,1,1","explain,125,2","explained,70,1,125,1","exploration,17,1,49,1,59,1,92,1,75,1,77,1,104,2,102,1,103,1,107,1,113,2","exploratory,143,1","exploring,128,1","explosions,123,1","explosive,123,1","explosives,124,1","exponentially,61,1","exported,61,1,143,3","exports,61,2","exposed,70,1,35,1,64,1,73,2,122,6,123,8,124,3,125,1,126,96,127,5","exposedand,126,1","exposedgroup,126,1","exposedprior,126,1","exposedtechnicians,126,1","exposedto,126,1","exposedworkers,126,3","exposition,72,1,113,1","exposure,45,1,61,4,17,1,30,1,42,1,52,1,54,2,64,4,66,1,73,26,113,1,116,3,122,26,123,23,124,32,125,1,126,90,127,35,131,3,133,1","exposureconcentration,126,1","exposureprotocol,126,1","exposureprotocols,126,1","exposures,64,1,73,1,116,1,124,5,126,10,127,2,131,1","expressed,78,1,125,1,126,1","extant,59,1","extend,79,1","extended,59,1,114,1,125,1","extendedfrom,78,1","extensive,10,1,42,1,50,1,125,1,140,1","extensively,6,1,15,1,70,1,56,1,107,1","extent,30,1,74,1,122,1,124,1,126,1,127,2","external,122,1,126,2,143,1","externalscientists,126,2","extinguishant,123,1","extract,143,1,144,1","extracted,128,1,143,3","extracting,126,1","extraction,71,1,75,4,104,1,143,7,141,1,144,1","extrapolate,126,1","extrapolated,126,5","extrapolation,126,2","extrapolations,126,1","extrarespiratory,126,2","extremely,61,2,27,1,36,1,38,1,73,1,127,1","extruded,122,1","exxon,56,2","eye,122,4,123,4","eyelid,126,1","eyelids,122,2,125,1","eyes,122,3,123,11,125,3","f82h,131,2","fabricated,131,1","fabrication,6,1,23,3,41,1","face,122,1,123,1","faced,124,1","faces,70,1","facile,127,1","facilitating,124,1","facilities,15,1,20,1,30,1,36,2,37,10,42,1,48,1,49,1,52,1,55,1,56,1,59,1,60,9,73,2,74,1,120,1,113,2,122,1,123,2","facility,70,1,16,1,37,1,60,2,122,1,123,1,126,2","facsimiles,13,1","fact,5,1,34,2,63,1,73,4,125,2,126,1","factor,76,1,104,1,125,1,126,12,127,1,135,1,133,1","factories,70,2,126,1","factors,6,1,72,2,73,2,104,7,103,1,116,1,126,7,141,1","factory,46,2,56,2,126,2,143,4,141,1","factorywith,126,1","facts,61,3","factual,143,1","facture,114,1","faculty,61,1,125,1","fading,59,1","fail,122,1,123,1","failed,65,1,125,1","failure,6,3,15,2,16,2,41,4,46,1,56,1,75,2,120,1,115,2,124,8,126,1,128,1,133,2","failuremechanism,115,1","fairhurst,135,1","fairly,34,1,60,1,106,1,73,1,136,1","fajon,104,1","fall,73,1,113,1","fallen,125,1","falls,63,1","false,124,1","family,60,1,139,1","famous,140,1","fang,133,1","far,34,1,63,1,79,1,125,1,131,1","faraday,125,3","farm,128,1","farmer,128,1","farming,124,1","farms,78,1","fasces,32,1","fasciculation,126,1","fashion,61,1,72,1,55,1,92,1,73,1,77,1,125,1","fast,125,1","faster,125,1,134,2","fatal,124,1","fate,38,1,72,1,50,1,56,3,64,1","fates,2,1,74,1","fatigability,125,1","fatigue,6,1,122,1,123,2,125,8,126,1,127,1","fauna,61,1","fawer,126,5","faweret,126,1","fax,126,2","fazackerley,126,1","fda,127,1,141,4","fear,125,2","feasible,60,1,122,1,123,1","features,124,1","feb,33,1,113,1,133,1","febr,125,1","february,72,1,113,1","feces,124,4,127,3","fed,70,1,128,1","federal,59,2,60,1,126,5","federation,143,2","fedorchuk,143,1","feed,6,1,8,1,61,1,25,1,34,3,36,1,37,1,43,1,54,2,106,1,104,1","feeding,70,1","feeds,2,1,6,1,15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onitoring,3,1,31,1","mercurynever,126,1","mercurypoisoning,126,1","mercuryremoval,8,2","mercuryseminar,18,1","mercurytechnology,79,1","mercuryvapor,126,4","mercuryvapors,126,1","mercuryvapour,126,1","mercurywas,126,1","mercuy,59,4,106,4","mercy,59,1","mere,15,1,83,1","merely,125,1","merger,59,1","merury,16,4,65,4,68,4,131,4,137,4,149,8","message,22,4","messages,22,14","messenger,32,1","messengers,66,1","met,126,3","metabolic,124,2,127,1,141,1","metal,1,5,2,5,6,6,7,4,10,4,61,2,19,4,23,4,33,1,37,4,41,5,45,4,46,4,49,5,56,3,57,1,59,1,60,2,65,1,68,4,120,1,79,1,93,3,100,4,101,4,118,4,119,2,113,1,114,5,115,2,122,2,124,4,125,4,126,1,139,1,131,13,137,44,133,9,134,3,141,1,143,2","metallgesellschaft,143,1","metallic,65,1,122,5,124,2,125,1,126,12,138,1,143,5","metallicmercury,126,2","metallurgical,23,1,41,1","metallurgy,6,2,120,1,143,1","metalminers,126,1","metals,2,3,10,3,61,1,24,1,33,1,50,1,56,6,60,4,65,4,104,2,75,4,93,1,97,1,100,27,102,3,103,3,119,1,114,1,122,1,124,4,126,2,131,4,133,1,138,1,143,1,144,1","meteorite,109,1","meter,123,1,122,1,125,2,127,1","metering,15,1","meters,125,1,139,1","methane,34,4","methanol,34,31,49,1,134,1","method,1,1,71,3,104,1,123,2,75,6,77,1,122,2,125,2,127,1,139,1,143,1","methodology,35,1","methods,2,1,5,1,8,1,16,2,23,2,30,1,33,2,34,1,39,1,41,1,42,1,71,1,49,1,54,2,56,5,59,2,92,1,104,6,123,2,75,6,77,3,78,1,93,2,107,1,113,1,114,2,122,1,125,1,126,4,128,1,133,1","methoxyethyl,123,2","methyl,61,1,123,8,124,2","methylated,70,1,63,1,127,1","methylates,34,1","methylation,70,2","methyldiethylarsine,155,1","methylene,34,1","methylmercury,61,16,70,12,34,4,63,1,64,18,123,2,124,9,141,1","metric,62,5,60,6,139,1","mexican,59,1,60,1,128,4","mexico,102,2,107,1,124,1","meyers,126,1","mf,126,2","mg,123,3,122,4,124,11,125,6,126,40,127,8,143,3","mgwithout,125,1","mi,75,1,102,2,103,2","michael,123,1","michelle,124,1","michigan,60,1,122,1,124,1","michiko,70,1","micro,61,2,34,1,104,2,127,11","microanalysis,131,1","microglobulin,126,2","microglobulinconcentration,126,1","micrograms,123,2","micronuclei,126,3","microscopic,123,1,122,1","microscopy,131,1,135,1","microstructure,114,1","microstructures,37,1","microwave,75,1","mid,138,1,144,1","middle,16,2,104,1,73,1,102,2,107,1,125,2,139,2,143,1","midpoint,104,1","midwestern,128,1","might,61,1,26,1,30,1,34,1,64,1,123,1,75,1,122,1,125,1,126,1,145,1","mild,123,5,122,5,124,3,125,3,126,1","milder,125,1","mildly,124,2","mile,128,1","miles,59,2,64,1,128,3,142,1","milk,124,1","mill,93,1","millennium,60,1","miller,126,3","milligram,123,1,122,1,127,1","milliman,75,1","millimeters,32,1","millinery,66,1","million,61,10,62,4,60,8,104,5,75,3,141,1,144,1,157,1","millions,60,1","mimai,70,1","mimic,124,1","min,131,2","minamata,11,1,70,42,17,1,123,2,75,5,124,1","minas,139,1","mind,125,1","mine,59,10,123,1,122,1,139,15,128,40,140,7,142,16,143,6,145,24,156,10","minebetween,142,1","mined,59,1,139,2,141,1,143,2","mineral,59,3,139,1,138,1,141,6,143,16","minerals,59,2,141,1,143,1","miners,59,1,126,2,128,6,140,1,144,2","minersemployed,126,1","mines,11,5,59,21,69,19,139,9,128,8,140,5,141,27,142,5,143,18,144,16,145,9,156,8","minh,83,1","minimal,42,1,124,1,126,1","minimata,70,1","minimization,38,1,47,1,102,1","minimize,30,1,41,1,52,1,124,1","minimized,38,1,71,1,73,1","minimum,123,3,122,3,127,1,131,1","mining,50,1,59,23,63,1,123,1,122,1,139,2,128,9,141,1,142,1,143,6,144,2,145,2","miniscule,139,1","minnesota,60,1,104,3,124,1","minor,107,1,126,1,130,1,143,1","minute,61,1,123,1,122,1,125,1,145,1","minutes,61,2,123,2,122,1,125,1,127,1","mirror,124,1","mirrors,143,1","mis,126,1","miscellaneous,124,1,130,1","misdiagnosed,124,2","misfortune,125,1","mishinova,126,1","mishonova,126,1","misleading,61,1,125,1","missed,125,2","misspelled,125,1","mistakes,125,2","mita,144,1","mitigate,44,1,52,1,73,1","mixed,70,1,59,1,102,1","mixing,75,2","mixture,34,1","miyazaki,34,1,102,1,103,1","ml,123,2,126,1","mm,123,5,122,2,125,1","mmcf,27,1","mmscfd,28,1","mn,129,1","moaning,123,2","mobile,114,1,122,1","mobility,10,1,36,1","mobilized,64,1","modalities,30,1,124,1","mode,124,3","model,16,2,20,1,36,1,37,1,54,1,72,1","modeled,32,1","modeling,1,5,9,5,44,1,16,7,20,1,25,4,41,1,52,4","modelingservices,25,1","modelling,127,1","models,23,3,36,1,39,1,50,1,52,1,54,3,60,1","moderate,61,1,123,1,124,1,127,2","modern,59,1,125,1,128,2,129,1,132,1","modes,6,1,41,1,115,1","modification,102,1,103,1","modifications,43,1,44,1,16,3,47,1,102,1,103,1","modified,61,1,125,1,138,1","modifying,126,1","modulus,57,1","mohs,57,1","mol,15,1,52,1,57,1","molar,57,1","molding,125,1","mole,57,4","molecular,15,1,123,3,122,1,126,1,155,1,157,1","molten,96,1,99,1","monday,61,2","monel,49,2,115,1","money,136,2","mongolian,145,1","monitor,61,1,73,1","monitored,16,1,60,1,126,9,127,1","monitoring,43,1,16,2,20,3,31,2,37,1,54,1,104,1,123,3,73,3,122,2,126,3,127,4","monitoringdata,126,1","monkeys,126,1","monnet,70,1","monoalkylmercury,75,1","monoclonal,126,1","monograph,16,2,143,1","monomethyl,127,4","monomethylmercury,75,1","monoxide,123,1,124,2","monte,61,1","month,61,2,127,1","months,70,1,65,1,123,2,124,2,125,3,126,2","monthsafter,126,1","mood,125,1","moodily,125,1","moodiness,125,1","moodinventory,126,1","moon,102,1,103,1","mooney,126,1","moore,141,2","moors,139,1","morbidity,126,1","moreover,125,1,143,1,144,1","moresubjective,126,1","morocco,130,1","morphology,131,1","morris,123,1,75,2,102,8,103,1","mortalities,126,1","mortality,126,21,144,1","mortalityfrom,126,1","mostly,61,1,35,1,59,1,63,1,75,1,79,1,116,1,124,5,125,1,127,3,139,1","mother,122,1,124,1","mothers,61,1,70,1,123,2,126,1","motion,128,1","motor,60,4,124,3,126,6","mount,67,1","mountain,125,1,139,1,128,5","mountains,125,2,142,1,144,1","mouth,123,1,122,2,124,1,125,8,135,1","move,60,1,123,2,122,2","moved,70,1","movement,124,1","movements,70,1,123,2,122,2,126,1","mpc,114,1","mph,124,1","mr,61,4","mrca,61,4","mrl,127,1","mru,7,1,16,1,27,5,28,4,48,1","ms,104,1,141,1","mst,143,1","mt,107,1","mtbe,15,1","mts,1,5,2,3,3,1,4,2,5,2,7,1,8,1,9,1,10,12,11,1,12,4,13,4,43,2,44,1,16,1,17,1,18,1,19,4,22,4,23,2,25,1,26,1,27,1,28,1,29,1,30,5,31,1,40,1,41,3,42,3,45,7,46,1,47,2,48,3,49,1,50,2,51,1,52,3,53,1,54,4,55,1,56,1,58,8,63,1,69,2,104,1,119,1,113,1","mucking,59,1","mucosa,125,4","mucosal,125,1","mucous,123,3,124,2","mug,129,1","mule,128,1","multi,40,1,49,1,125,1","multiple,60,1,75,1,124,1","multiplied,104,1","multiplying,104,1","multispecies,126,1","mumford,135,3","municipal,60,1,119,1,140,1","munitions,141,1","murakami,34,1,102,1,103,1","musa,75,2,102,2,103,1","muscle,61,4,122,1,124,2,141,1","muscular,66,1","museum,140,2","mushrooms,61,4","mustreflect,107,1","mutagen,126,1","mutti,126,2","mutual,66,1","mvh,126,2","mvho,126,1","myasthenia,124,1","myself,125,5","mysterious,125,1","mystical,138,1","mythology,32,1","naa,75,9","nace,56,4,114,4,133,1","nag,126,4","nagasaka,129,1","nagorny,143,1","nails,125,1","nam,83,13,107,1","name,57,1,124,3,126,8,128,1,136,1,145,1","named,107,3,125,1","names,107,1,125,3","naming,128,1","naphtha,1,8,2,4,10,4,43,5,44,4,34,8,103,6,157,1","narrative,125,1","narrow,125,1","narrowing,123,1","narrowness,143,1","nasal,125,3","nasty,125,1","natco,27,1","nation,59,1,63,1","national,61,2,62,4,56,2,59,1,60,1,92,2,104,1,123,4,74,1,75,2,77,1,102,2,103,2,122,4,126,2,127,1,131,3,128,3","nationally,104,1","nations,61,1,56,2,59,1","nationwide,61,1,102,1,103,1","native,141,2","natural,10,1,15,1,17,1,28,4,34,2,49,1,53,2,56,2,60,1,63,2,64,3,66,1,120,1,123,1,74,7,75,1,79,1,83,1,102,2,107,2,109,9,111,1,115,5,117,2,130,3,133,2,134,3,155,15","naturalium,114,1","naturally,15,1,20,1,34,1,35,1,38,1,72,1,119,1,125,2,141,2","nature,30,2,38,1,124,1,125,3,128,1,135,1","nausea,123,2,122,1,124,1","navigational,60,1","navy,65,1","nc,104,2,74,1,75,1,102,7,103,7,126,2","nci,126,1","ndt,41,1","near,43,1,59,3,125,1,139,1,128,2,141,5","nearest,125,1","nearly,59,1,64,1,123,2,122,1,125,4,128,1","necessary,15,1,70,1,33,1,36,1,123,2,74,1,83,1,118,1,122,3,125,1,127,1,144,2","necrosis,124,1,126,1","needed,5,1,26,1,35,1,66,1,125,1","needles,61,1,138,1","needs,62,1,74,1","negative,15,1,20,1,30,1,33,2,35,1,36,1,118,1","negligible,76,1","negru,126,1","neil,107,1","neither,60,1,125,1,143,1","nelson,133,1","neon,124,1","neostigmine,124,1","nephrotic,123,1","nerve,126,3","nerveconduction,126,2","nerves,125,2,126,2","nervous,61,1,70,2,123,3,122,2,124,1,125,2,141,1","neural,61,1,127,2","neuralgic,127,1","neurasthenia,125,2","neurobehavioral,126,6","neurobehavioural,126,1","neurol,126,1","neurologic,122,1,124,1,127,1","neurological,124,5,126,4,127,4","neurologicalabnormalities,126,1","neurologicsymptoms,126,1","neuromuscular,123,1","neuropathy,124,1,126,1","neurophysiological,126,2","neuropsychiatric,124,2","neuropsychological,126,1","neurotoxicity,124,2,126,4","neurotoxicityin,126,1","neurotoxins,127,1","neutral,135,1,141,1","neutron,71,1,75,5,131,6","neutropenia,124,1","never,70,1,60,1,125,1,128,2","nevertheless,125,1","nevitt,126,1","new,5,1,6,1,62,2,70,1,19,1,20,1,24,1,40,1,49,1,59,2,60,7,66,1,92,1,120,1,123,6,75,1,93,5,96,1,97,1,99,1,100,1,102,3,103,2,113,1,114,3,122,5,125,1,126,1,128,1,133,2","newdevelopment,5,1","newer,75,2","newly,34,1,35,1,39,1,104,1,120,1,128,1","news,2,1,3,1,4,1,5,1,8,1,9,1,10,1,11,1,12,1,13,1,14,1,43,1,44,1,61,1,62,1,70,1,19,6,20,1,22,1,23,1,25,1,26,1,27,1,28,1,29,1,30,1,31,1,32,1,33,1,34,1,35,1,36,1,37,1,38,1,39,1,40,1,41,1,71,1,45,1,46,1,47,1,48,1,49,1,50,1,51,1,52,1,53,1,54,1,55,1,56,1,58,1,59,1,60,1,63,1,64,1,66,1,67,1,72,1,84,1,86,1,87,1,88,1,89,1,90,1,91,1,104,1,106,1,120,1,121,1,123,1,73,1,74,1,75,1,76,1,77,1,78,1,83,1,96,1,97,1,98,1,99,1,100,1,101,1,102,1,118,1,119,1,107,1,108,1,109,1,113,1,115,1,116,1,117,1,122,1,124,1,126,1,130,1,131,1,128,1,129,1,135,1,136,1,137,1,133,1,134,1,140,1,138,1,141,1,143,1,144,1,145,1,146,1,147,1,148,1,149,1,150,1,151,1,154,1,155,1,156,1,157,1","next,59,1,124,2,125,1,126,1,130,1","ngim,126,6","ngl,6,1","ni,34,1,71,1,131,1,129,1","nice,125,1","nickel,114,3,131,2","nierenberg,123,1","nigeria,107,1","night,125,1,128,1","nightly,125,1","nihon,70,1","nikitivsky,143,1","nikitovka,143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,126,1","reassuring,73,1","recalled,125,1","recaptured,139,1","receding,125,1","receive,124,1","received,125,1","receiving,124,1","recent,1,1,7,1,61,1,24,1,35,1,60,2,72,1,104,6,73,1,75,2,76,2,78,1,102,2,124,2,126,2,127,1","recently,70,2,59,1,60,1,65,1,72,1,104,4,124,1,125,1","receptacle,125,5","recepticle,125,1","reclaimed,123,2","reclamation,123,4,122,1,128,1","recognition,15,2,56,1,83,2,125,2","recognizable,125,2","recognized,56,1,66,1,72,1,125,5,126,1","recommend,123,1,122,1","recommendation,124,1","recommendations,60,1,123,1,122,1,124,1","recommended,47,1,123,1,122,3,124,1,127,1,128,1,137,2,141,2","recommends,52,1","record,60,1,126,2,139,1","recorded,15,1","records,3,1,23,1,59,1,144,1","recover,60,1,128,1","recovered,59,1,60,1,125,3,128,1","recovery,59,1,60,6,124,2,125,7,128,1,143,2","rectal,124,3","recycle,47,4","recycled,143,5","recyclers,60,1","recycling,60,7,143,2","red,59,2,124,1,127,1,131,1,128,1,138,4","reddening,125,1","redistributes,124,1","redness,123,1","reduce,15,1,16,1,20,1,30,1,36,1,47,1,54,1,60,2,63,3,123,1,73,1,122,1","reduced,126,2","reduces,15,1,33,1","reducing,34,1,63,1,72,1","reduction,79,6,102,1,103,1,143,1","reductions,72,1","refer,126,1,141,1","reference,75,1,102,2,103,2,126,6,127,4,143,3","referencecontrol,126,1","references,70,1,104,2,123,1,75,1,96,1,97,1,98,1,99,1,100,1,101,1,102,1,103,1,107,1,113,4,115,1,122,1,126,5,135,1","referencesof,115,1","referent,126,4","referents,126,1","referral,127,1","referred,123,1,126,1","refined,15,1,24,1,33,2,104,2,75,1,76,2,78,1,103,19,157,1","refineries,7,4,15,4,44,1,16,1,48,1,50,1,55,1,56,2,104,1,75,3,76,3,78,1,102,4,107,7","refiners,1,1,15,1,33,2,56,1,72,1,92,2,104,1,75,1,77,1,102,1,103,1","refinery,9,1,15,2,44,20,16,12,19,4,33,6,45,4,104,1,74,1,114,6","refinerytank,78,1","refining,1,4,2,4,10,5,15,5,44,4,16,1,17,1,33,5,35,1,59,1,104,1,75,3,102,3,103,1,107,2,113,2,128,1","reflect,104,1,123,1,122,1,127,1","reflected,131,1","reflective,61,1","reflectivity,57,1","reflects,61,1,107,1,127,3,143,1","reflex,126,1","reflexes,126,4","reformation,34,1","reformer,34,2","reforming,34,2","refractive,57,1","refractory,131,2","refused,126,1,145,1","regard,125,2","regarded,64,1","regarding,70,1,126,2","regenerate,15,1","region,75,1,130,3,141,5,142,1,143,1,144,1","regional,61,1,70,1,75,2,124,2,130,3,142,1","regionalanthropogenic,130,1","regionally,104,1","regions,15,1,83,1,124,1,143,1","regionsinvolved,126,1","register,126,2,128,1,129,1","registered,10,1,143,1","registry,57,1","regression,126,1","regressionanalysis,126,1","regular,61,2,123,1,122,1,124,1","regularly,64,1","regulated,60,1,72,1,125,1","regulations,15,1,63,1,72,1,83,1,123,1,119,2,122,1,128,1","regulatory,15,1,17,1,33,1,35,1,63,1,72,19,75,1,113,1,126,2","reigel,126,2","reinstallation,125,1","reinstituted,144,1","reist,49,4","rejection,6,1","rel,127,1","relapses,125,4","relate,72,1","related,1,5,2,1,10,4,15,1,70,1,19,4,41,1,45,4,56,3,60,1,63,1,64,1,104,2,124,3,126,2,127,2","relating,10,2,125,1","relationship,70,2,123,1,124,1,126,2","relationships,13,1,106,1,126,3,131,2","relationshipsbetween,126,1","relative,64,1,74,1,75,2,127,1,155,1","relatively,107,1,122,1,125,1,131,1,143,1","relaxation,125,1","relays,15,1","release,70,1,60,1,104,1,130,1,128,1,129,1,142,1","released,60,4,64,1,67,1,104,1,123,1,124,1,130,1","releases,60,4,63,1,64,1,104,3,125,1,143,1","releasing,65,1","reliable,59,1,83,1,126,2","relied,70,1,127,1,143,1","relief,125,1","remain,124,1","remained,70,1,107,1,125,2","remaining,61,3,104,1,75,1,125,2,128,1","remainingcountries,130,1","remains,75,1,128,3","remarkably,134,1","remarked,66,1","remedialresponse,126,1","remediation,1,4,2,4,10,5,23,1,30,1,37,11,46,4,56,4,93,1","remediationor,6,1","remediative,127,1","remedied,125,1","remedies,133,1","remember,125,2,128,1","reminder,128,1","remote,3,1,126,1","removable,128,1","removal,1,14,2,8,4,1,7,4,8,4,9,4,10,11,15,14,43,28,44,5,16,11,17,1,19,4,20,1,26,4,27,14,28,16,29,1,30,5,33,4,35,2,36,29,37,2,38,7,41,1,42,4,71,2,45,5,46,4,48,1,49,1,51,4,52,2,54,5,55,25,56,1,60,3,72,1,120,1,123,1,107,1,111,4,113,2,122,1,124,2,125,4,133,1,155,4,157,4","removalsystems,6,1","remove,2,1,8,1,15,1,16,1,27,1,28,1,30,1,40,1,41,1,42,1,71,1,54,1,55,1,56,2,60,2,123,4,93,1,122,3,125,1,139,1","removed,60,2,64,1,123,2,122,2,125,2,126,1,135,1","removing,60,1","renal,122,1,124,10,126,10,127,1","renaland,126,1","renalfunction,126,4","render,128,1","rending,125,1","renewed,125,2","reopened,59,2,128,1,145,1","repair,37,1,41,1,127,1","repaired,125,1","repairs,127,1","repeated,123,2,122,3,125,1,126,1","repeatedly,122,2","repetitively,78,1","replace,125,1","replaced,126,2,128,1","replacement,6,1,36,1,37,1,60,2,125,1","report,17,1,60,5,64,1,104,6,123,2,74,6,75,3,76,1,102,6,103,5,114,1,124,2,125,1,126,7,130,1","reported,61,1,70,2,59,2,104,2,75,5,77,1,102,1,103,1,107,1,122,3,124,5,126,24,127,1","reportedly,126,2,127,2,143,1","reporting,61,1,104,1,123,1,75,1,102,2,103,2,122,2,126,1","reports,61,4,60,1","represent,36,1,123,2,75,1,122,1,124,1,126,2,144,1","representative,71,1,104,1,75,5","representativeness,75,1","represented,136,1","representing,131,1","represents,15,2,76,1,130,1","reproduce,61,1","reproducible,71,1","reproductive,126,1","reproductivestudies,126,1","republic,132,1,143,6","reputation,125,1","request,6,1,17,1,20,1,35,1,39,1,72,1,77,1,78,1,79,1","requestedthat,142,1","requests,22,2","require,6,1,40,1,60,1,120,1,123,1,73,1,74,1,75,1,122,1,124,1,125,1,127,1","required,33,1,37,1,60,1,106,1,123,2,122,1,124,1,125,1,128,2","requiredfor,27,1","requirements,59,1,60,1,123,1,122,1","requires,6,1,26,1,33,2,36,1,60,1,127,3","requiring,31,1","res,126,4,135,7","rescue,123,4,122,4","research,1,7,3,1,4,1,5,1,6,1,7,1,8,20,9,2,10,2,11,1,12,1,13,1,14,1,15,1,43,1,44,1,61,4,62,1,70,1,16,1,17,1,18,1,19,2,20,1,22,1,23,1,24,1,25,1,26,1,27,1,28,1,29,1,30,2,31,1,32,1,33,1,34,1,35,1,36,1,37,1,38,1,39,1,40,1,41,1,42,1,71,1,45,1,46,2,47,1,48,1,49,3,50,2,51,1,52,1,53,1,54,2,55,1,56,18,58,1,59,1,60,1,63,2,65,1,66,1,67,1,68,1,69,1,72,1,83,1,84,1,85,1,86,1,87,1,88,15,89,1,90,1,91,1,104,4,105,1,106,1,120,1,121,14,73,1,74,5,75,4,76,1,77,1,78,1,79,1,80,1,81,1,92,1,93,3,96,1,97,1,98,1,99,1,100,1,101,1,102,14,103,12,118,1,119,1,107,3,108,1,109,1,111,1,113,1,115,1,116,1,117,1,122,1,124,1,125,2,126,4,130,1,139,1,131,1,128,1,129,3,135,1,136,1,137,1,132,1,133,1,134,1,140,1,138,1,141,1,142,1,143,1,144,1,145,1,146,1,147,1,148,1,149,1,150,1,151,1,152,1,153,1,154,1,155,1,156,1,157,1","researched,73,1,125,1","researcher,56,1,125,3","researchers,70,1,77,1,92,1","researches,70,1","researchtriangle,126,1","reserved,1,1,2,1,3,1,4,1,5,1,6,1,7,1,8,1,9,1,10,1,11,1,12,1,13,1,14,1,15,1,43,1,44,1,61,1,62,1,70,1,16,1,17,1,18,1,19,1,20,1,22,1,23,1,24,1,25,1,26,1,27,1,28,1,29,1,30,1,31,1,32,1,33,1,34,1,35,1,36,1,37,1,38,1,39,1,40,1,41,1,42,1,71,1,45,1,46,1,47,1,48,1,49,1,50,1,51,1,52,1,53,1,54,1,55,1,56,1,57,1,58,1,59,1,60,1,63,1,64,1,65,1,66,1,67,1,68,1,69,1,72,1,83,1,84,1,85,1,86,1,87,1,88,1,89,1,90,1,91,1,104,1,105,1,106,1,120,1,121,1,123,1,73,1,74,1,75,1,76,1,77,1,78,1,79,1,80,1,81,1,82,1,92,1,96,1,97,1,98,1,99,1,100,1,101,1,102,1,103,1,118,1,119,1,107,1,108,1,109,1,111,1,113,1,114,1,115,1,116,1,117,1,122,1,124,1,125,1,126,1,127,1,130,1,139,1,131,1,128,1,129,1,135,1,136,1,137,1,132,1,133,1,134,1,140,1,138,1,141,1,142,1,143,1,144,1,145,1,146,1,147,1,148,1,149,1,150,1,151,1,152,1,153,1,154,1,155,1,156,1,157,1","reserves,143,3","reservoir,5,1,15,1,20,1,64,1,83,2,75,2","reside,145,1","residence,46,1,116,1","residences,46,1,56,1","resident,124,1,128,1","residential,104,9,102,2,103,2,124,1","residents,70,2,141,2","resides,127,1,141,1","residual,104,14,76,1","residuals,102,1","residue,60,1","residuum,157,2","resin,124,1","resist,1,1,41,1,49,6","resistance,114,1,125,1,137,31","resistant,15,1,114,2,131,1,141,1","resolution,70,1,48,1,106,1","resolve,70,1,124,1","resolved,126,1,133,1","resorptions,126,2","resources,61,1,59,4,60,1,104,1,139,1,128,1,143,16","respect,71,1,126,3","respectively,61,1,59,1,104,1,78,1,124,1,126,5,131,1","respiration,123,1,122,1","respirator,123,1,122,1","respirators,123,6,122,6","respiratory,123,3,122,4,124,1,126,6,128,1","responded,70,1","response,124,1,126,2,142,1","responses,126,1","responsibility,70,2,56,1,60,6","responsible,62,1,70,1,60,1","responsive,124,1","rest,61,1,20,1,64,1,123,1,122,1","restaurant,61,3","restaurants,61,3,64,1","restless,125,1","restlessness,125,2,126,1","restorations,135,1","restore,42,1","restrict,60,1","restricted,60,1,123,1,122,1,141,1","restriction,37,1,126,1","rests,125,1,128,1","result,61,1,63,1,64,3,124,4,125,1,126,3,141,1,145,1","resultant,126,3","resulted,61,1,124,1,131,1","resulting,61,1,38,1,64,1,122,1","results,61,2,29,1,37,2,38,1,71,1,123,2,75,1,124,3,125,1,126,11,127,2,131,2,134,1,141,1","resume,61,1,56,17,143,1","retailers,61,1","retain,93,1","retained,125,1,127,2","retardation,123,2,124,1","retinol,126,1","retired,60,5","retort,59,1,69,4","retorted,157,1","retorting,157,1","retorts,59,1,128,1","retrieval,71,1,75,1","retrieved,78,1","retrofit,36,1","retrospective,126,1","return,103,1,108,1,109,1,125,1,128,1,146,1,147,1,148,1,149,1,150,1,151,1,154,1","returned,128,1","rev,123,1,122,1,126,1","reveal,34,2,107,1","revealed,61,1,34,1,125,1,126,2,134,1,143,1","revelations,104,1","reverse,32,1","reversible,93,1","review,4,12,16,1,36,1,59,1,104,1,123,1,114,1,126,14,131,2","reviewed,104,2,126,4","revised,126,5","revision,126,2","revolution,128,1","reworn,123,1,122,1","rf,143,1","rfc,126,20,127,1","rfcs,126,1","rfcswere,126,1","rfd,126,7","rfo,103,5","rheed,131,1","rheumatism,125,1","rhgr,75,1","rhgy,75,1","rhinorrhea,124,1","rhombohedrons,138,1","ribcage,125,1","rice,56,5,121,9","rich,125,1,128,2,140,1,141,4","richard,123,2","rid,125,1","ridge,62,2,126,1,142,1","right,66,1,102,1,103,1,125,1","rights,1,1,2,1,3,1,4,1,5,1,6,1,7,1,8,1,9,1,10,1,11,1,12,1,13,1,14,1,15,1,43,1,44,1,61,2,62,1,70,1,16,1,17,1,18,1,19,1,20,1,22,1,23,1,24,1,25,1,26,1,27,1,28,1,29,1,30,1,31,1,32,1,33,1,34,1,35,1,36,1,37,1,38,1,39,1,40,1,41,1,42,1,71,1,45,1,46,1,47,1,48,1,49,1,50,1,51,1,52,1,53,1,54,1,55,1,56,1,57,1,58,1,59,2,60,1,63,1,64,1,65,1,66,1,67,1,68,1,69,1,72,1,83,1,84,1,85,1,86,1,87,1,88,1,89,1,90,1,91,1,104,1,105,1,106,1,120,1,121,1,123,1,73,1,74,1,75,1,76,1,77,1,78,1,79,1,80,1,81,1,82,1,92,1,96,1,97,1,98,1,99,1,100,1,101,1,102,1,103,1,118,1,119,1,107,1,108,1,109,1,111,1,113,1,114,1,115,1,116,1,117,1,122,1,124,1,125,1,126,1,127,1,130,1,139,1,131,1,128,1,129,1,135,1,136,1,137,1,132,1,133,1,134,1,140,1,138,1,141,1,142,1,143,1,144,1,145,1,146,1,147,1,148,1,149,1,150,1,151,1,152,1,153,1,154,1,155,1,156,1,157,1","rigorous,33,1,35,1,93,1,126,1","rigors,125,1","rinehart,70,1","ringer,123,1","ringing,125,1","rinses,125,1","rio,128,1","rise,59,1,60,1,124,1","rising,104,2","risk,1,10,2,4,6,14,7,5,9,2,10,5,15,2,61,2,16,11,17,1,29,20,30,1,35,2,37,2,41,36,49,1,53,27,58,1,64,2,120,21,123,2,73,9,74,1,75,1,79,1,80,4,81,4,102,1,103,1,118,15,119,6,113,1,115,14,116,2,117,14,122,2,126,35,127,11,133,1,143,1","riskfactors,126,2","riskof,126,1","risks,41,1,54,1,73,3,126,1,127,2","river,70,2,128,1,141,1","rivers,63,1,141,2","road,13,2,56,1,60,3,128,4","roberge,124,1","robert,132,1","robles,142,1","robs,125,1","rocks,59,1,109,1,128,1,141,1","rodvall,126,1","roels,126,20","roelset,126,1","roemer,59,1","rogovoy,143,1","role,75,1,92,1,102,2,103,2,125,1,131,2","roman,32,1,136,1","romans,139,1","room,122,1,124,2,125,3,128,1,145,1","rooms,125,5","root,61,3","roots,131,1","rosenman,126,3","ross,135,1","rot,125,1","rotary,59,1,128,1","rotating,52,1","rothschild,139,1","roughen,66,1","roughly,61,2,104,3,74,1","round,66,1","rounded,125,1","route,124,1","routed,128,1","routes,63,1,123,1,122,1","routine,15,2,43,1,35,1,83,2,73,2,126,1","routinely,20,1,54,1,116,1,127,1","rowens,124,1","rows,125,1","roy,59,1","royal,61,1","rpi,88,4","rpt,59,1","rsfsr,143,2","rubber,123,1,125,1","rubbing,143,1","ruddy,102,1","ruins,128,1","rule,124,1,125,1","ruled,70,1,126,1","rules,75,1,102,1,103,1","ruling,61,3","run,70,1,124,2,125,1","running,15,1,33,1,59,1","runny,125,5","runoff,63,1","ruokonen,126,2","rupture,6,1","rural,124,1","russia,69,1,107,1,143,26","russian,143,17","rustam,123,1","rusty,125,1","rwqcb,142,1","ryge,135,2","s69,61,1","s93,126,1","s94,126,1","sacrifice,70,1","sadly,125,3","sae,56,1","safe,6,1,61,1,62,1,70,1,52,1,60,1,123,2,118,1","safeand,20,1","safely,62,1,60,1","safer,124,1","safety,4,1,6,1,11,1,15,3,61,1,70,2,16,2,20,1,26,4,40,1,41,1,45,1,49,2,58,15,72,1,83,1,123,5,73,9,93,1,113,3,114,2,122,5,124,3,126,1,127,15,139,1,128,1,133,1","safetyconference,19,1","safri,20,1","safyanovskoye,143,2","saha,143,1","said,61,12,70,1,66,4,125,2","saint,32,1","sakhalin,143,2","sakhalinskoye,143,1","sakharova,143,1","salable,15,1","sale,141,1","sales,61,1,60,1","salinskoye,143,1","saliva,125,3,127,1,128,1,135,1","salivated,128,1","salivation,122,2,124,2","salle,126,1","sallsten,126,2","salmon,141,3","salt,61,2,124,5,132,1","salts,64,1,75,1,96,1,99,1,124,5,126,4","salvageable,60,1","salve,125,2","salves,124,1","sam,56,1","same,61,2,70,1,59,1,104,1,125,8,126,3,127,1,143,2","sameanimals,126,1","samedose,126,1","samedoses,126,1","sample,5,1,35,1,71,2,59,1,104,1,123,2,75,4,77,1,107,1,122,1,126,2","sampled,61,1,71,1,78,1,107,1","sampler,122,1","samplers,126,1","samples,61,3,33,1,34,3,35,1,104,1,123,4,75,5,78,2,102,8,103,2,107,2,122,1,124,1,125,1,126,4,131,2,141,7","samplesfrom,126,1","samplesin,107,1","sampling,5,1,17,1,33,1,35,1,71,15,45,1,54,1,104,3,75,3,77,3,92,6,107,1,122,1,126,1","san,61,1,49,1,104,2,75,1,77,1,102,1,103,1,107,1,113,2,114,1,142,1","sanderson,126,1","sands,74,1","sanfillipo,124,1","sanger,128,2","sanitary,123,4","sanitation,123,1,122,1","sante,126,1","santucci,126,1","sarcomas,122,1,126,1","sarcomaswas,126,1","sat,125,1","saturated,125,1,128,1","saturation,125,2","saudi,107,1","save,125,1","saving,125,1","saying,61,2,125,1","says,136,1","sb,129,1","scabbing,125,1","scaffold,128,1","scalahedrons,138,1","scale,57,1,93,5,143,1","scallion,61,4","scallions,61,2","scalp,127,3","scand,126,3,135,1","scaning,126,1","scanning,131,1","scarce,138,1","scarcely,143,1","scarcity,66,1","scarlet,138,1","scatter,106,1","scattered,141,1","scavenge,5,1","scavenging,5,4,40,1","scc,114,1","scenario,61,1","scenarios,127,1","schaller,59,1","schedule,124,1","scheme,60,1","scherrer,131,1","schmahl,126,1","school,46,1,56,1,59,1","schoonover,135,1","schriever,135,1","schuetz,125,1","schutz,126,1","sci,49,1,104,2,75,1,76,1,78,1,102,1,103,1,107,1,113,1,129,1,134,1","science,1,1,61,2,70,1,75,1,102,3,103,3,107,1,113,1,114,1,124,1,125,2,126,1","sciences,61,1","scientiarus,114,1","scientific,61,2,17,4,64,1,122,1,124,2,125,4,144,1","scientifically,125,1","scientist,46,2,56,2,104,2","scientists,126,2","scinto,102,1,103,1","sclerosis,124,1","scope,93,4","scotomata,124,1","scott,128,7","scrap,60,9","screaming,124,1","scrub,125,1","scrubber,129,1","scrupulous,125,1","scrutinize,33,1","sculptor,32,1","scylla,125,1","sd,104,1,102,4,103,2","sdn,20,2","sea,70,3,102,3","seafood,61,2,64,1,124,1","sealed,123,4","seals,49,1,115,5","search,1,1,2,1,10,1,12,14,17,1,57,1,59,1,64,1,123,1,79,1,124,1,125,1,126,2,127,1","second,128,1,140,1,143,1","secondand,126,1","secondary,124,6,131,1,143,1","secondly,73,1","secret,143,1","secretary,66,1","sectile,138,1","section,102,1,103,1,112,8,122,1,126,8,131,1,143,1","sectional,126,1","sections,61,2,126,2,143,1","sector,104,1,75,1,102,1,103,1","sectors,104,3","secure,62,2","secured,123,4","security,62,1","sedative,124,1","sediment,70,2,63,1,72,1,123,1,107,1,122,1,141,6","sediments,38,1,64,1,70,1,141,3,142,1","see,57,1,59,1,104,1,123,1,125,1,126,1,128,2,143,2","seed,124,1","seeing,124,1","seem,125,2","seemed,125,1","seemingly,70,1,93,1","seems,34,1,125,3","seen,59,1,122,1,124,1,125,2,127,2","segments,31,1","segregate,55,1","segregated,38,1","segregation,123,1","seizures,126,1","seldom,5,1,26,1,33,1,35,1,73,1,75,1,125,1,127,1","select,38,1,49,1,52,1,107,1","selected,20,1,52,1,104,1,75,1,76,1,102,1","selectednatural,130,1","selecting,20,1","selection,9,1,43,3,47,1,49,19,52,4,56,2,68,1,123,1,114,3,122,1","selectionto,1,1","selective,39,1","selenides,50,1","selenium,50,1","sell,70,1","sellers,61,1","selling,61,1","sem,131,1","semiconducting,114,1","semiconductor,56,1,114,2,124,1","seminar,18,2,85,1,87,1,81,1","send,123,1,122,1","sends,61,1","senile,124,2","sensation,124,2","sense,125,1","senses,124,1","sensitive,64,1,114,1,122,1,125,1,126,3","sensitivehuman,126,1","sensitivities,77,1","sensitivity,71,1,92,1,125,1","sensitization,123,2,122,2","sensor,126,1","sensory,124,1,126,3","sent,61,1,60,2,139,1","seo,8,1,15,1,43,1,44,1,61,1,62,1,19,1,23,1,40,1,45,1,47,1,49,1,56,1,59,1,60,1,68,1,70,1,111,1,116,1,130,1,131,1,129,1,135,1,137,1,133,1,134,1,155,1,156,1,157,1","separate,60,1,75,1,78,1","separately,126,1","separates,61,1","separation,3,1,16,1,50,1,78,1,126,1","separations,25,9,35,1,55,1,56,1,72,1,75,2","separator,5,5","separators,15,2,35,1,52,1,83,1,75,1,127,1","sept,113,1","september,61,1,18,2,59,1,83,1,91,1,102,1,103,1,126,1","sequela,124,3","sequestration,72,1","serbia,138,1","series,64,1,123,1,96,1,99,1,100,1,102,1,103,1,122,2,124,1","serious,70,1,125,2","seriously,125,1","serrated,66,1","serum,124,1,126,5","servant,144,1","serve,61,1,20,1","served,15,1,30,1,56,5,70,1,125,1,126,2","serves,61,1,140,1","service,61,1,26,2,41,1,54,1,66,2,114,6,122,1,124,2,126,1,133,1,141,1,144,1","services,1,15,2,14,3,3,4,2,5,3,6,4,7,12,8,12,9,33,10,19,11,2,12,15,13,16,14,21,15,3,43,19,44,29,61,3,62,3,16,16,17,8,18,11,19,13,20,4,22,20,23,7,24,11,25,3,26,3,27,8,28,9,29,6,30,3,31,4,32,3,33,3,34,3,35,3,36,3,37,4,38,3,39,3,40,30,41,2,42,21,71,3,45,15,46,22,47,13,48,18,49,12,50,7,51,30,52,17,53,2,54,8,55,21,56,11,57,4,58,4,59,3,60,3,63,2,64,3,65,2,66,3,67,3,68,3,69,2,72,3,70,3,83,11,84,16,85,16,86,12,87,15,88,16,89,15,90,15,91,16,104,4,105,2,106,3,120,2,121,3,123,3,73,2,74,8,75,3,76,3,77,3,78,3,79,4,80,11,81,11,82,15,92,7,93,3,96,3,97,2,98,2,99,2,100,2,101,2,102,2,103,3,118,2,119,2,107,3,108,2,109,2,111,8,113,12,114,7,115,2,116,3,117,2,122,3,124,2,125,2,126,3,127,3,130,3,139,2,131,3,128,3,129,3,135,3,136,3,137,3,132,2,133,5,134,3,140,8,138,3,141,7,142,2,143,2,144,2,145,3,146,2,147,2,148,2,149,2,150,4,151,2,152,3,153,2,154,2,155,3,156,3,157,3","servicesfor,48,1","servicesinclude,43,1","servicesincluded,3,1","serving,61,1,56,1,125,1","session,131,2","set,36,1,66,1,128,1,145,1","sets,61,1,60,1,75,1","setterlund,133,1","setting,47,1,60,1,125,1,128,1,135,1","settings,10,1,15,1","settled,128,1","settling,107,1","seven,59,1,60,1","seventies,125,1","seventy,59,1,78,1,128,1","several,15,4,34,1,35,1,36,2,55,1,59,1,72,1,83,2,123,3,73,1,75,2,107,1,124,4,125,2,126,5,128,2,141,2","severalinvestigators,126,1","severalsteps,20,1","severe,66,1,123,8,122,2,124,5,125,1,126,1,137,20,134,1","severehypoxemia,126,1","severely,126,2,135,1,134,1","severity,124,1","severnoye,143,1","seville,139,1","sewage,119,1","sex,124,1,126,2","shafawi,102,2,103,1","shaft,140,1","shafts,59,1,128,2","shah,20,1,75,3,102,3,103,3","shaharuddin,20,1","shakes,66,1","shaking,122,1","shale,157,7","shallow,128,1","shamrock,59,4","shank,125,2","shape,66,1,125,1","share,143,2","shark,11,5,61,105,127,1","sharks,11,4,61,9","shaved,66,1","she,124,2","shear,133,1","shed,124,1","shellfish,70,1","shelters,128,1","shengmin,114,1","sherry,61,4","shi,129,1","shied,125,1","shields,123,1,122,1","shift,123,2,122,2,127,1,128,1","shifts,127,1,145,1","shih,61,1,102,1,103,2","shilling,136,2","shillings,136,2","shimizu,126,1","shinier,61,1","shiranui,70,2","shock,122,1,124,1","shoes,145,1","shorbulak,143,1","short,123,1,122,1,124,4,125,1,126,2,127,2","shortage,66,1","shortcomings,125,1","shortly,128,1,145,1","shortness,124,1,126,1","should,61,2,20,2,36,1,60,10,64,1,66,1,72,1,70,1,104,1,123,25,75,1,76,2,77,1,93,1,122,23,124,9,125,5,126,1,127,11","shoulders,123,2","shouted,70,1","shouting,123,2","shovel,128,1","show,60,1,106,2,126,1,143,1","showed,61,1,104,1,125,6,126,1,129,2,135,1,134,1","showered,123,1,122,1","shown,61,1,123,2,75,1,122,1,131,1","shows,59,1,65,1,125,2","shred,61,2","shredder,60,7","shredders,60,2","shredding,60,1","shreds,61,1","shudder,125,1","shut,61,1,59,2,125,1","shutdown,37,1,41,1","shutdowns,6,1","shyness,124,2","sibaiskoye,143,1","siberia,143,2","sickness,125,1","side,70,1,123,1,76,1,124,5","sided,138,2","siegel,67,4","siegler,123,1","sieve,15,2","siew,126,1","sights,124,1","sigma,56,1","sign,125,1,136,1","signal,61,1","significance,122,1,126,1","significant,5,1,15,2,61,1,33,1,35,2,39,1,60,1,63,1,73,3,124,9,125,2,126,6,127,3,130,1","significantchange,126,1","significantcorrelation,126,1","significantly,61,2,72,1,125,1,126,8,127,1,141,1","significantlyincreased,126,1","signs,122,6,123,2,124,8,125,9,126,4,127,1","silghtly,138,1","silicosis,126,2","silicotic,126,3","silicotics,126,1","silver,32,1,57,1,124,2,125,3,126,1,139,2,135,1,136,2,143,2,144,2","silvering,124,1","silvery,57,1,122,2","similar,34,1,104,2,75,1,123,2,124,4,125,2,127,1,134,1,141,2","similarities,125,1","similarly,125,1,126,1","simmer,61,2","simple,60,1,104,1,73,1,75,1,125,1,127,1","sims,131,1","simulate,79,1,124,1","simulation,61,1,56,1","simulations,25,1","sin,125,1","since,56,1,59,1,60,3,64,1,66,1,70,3,104,1,122,1,123,2,124,1,125,6,126,3,127,1,142,2,143,3","sineca,114,1","singapore,61,6","singer,126,3","single,39,1,60,2,104,3,75,1,123,1,131,1,132,1","singlebrief,126,1","sinking,59,1","sinus,125,2","sinusitis,125,5","sirjohn,136,1","site,61,1,45,1,126,2","sites,62,1,60,1,104,2,142,1,143,1","sits,125,1","situ,75,1","situation,116,1,124,1,125,6,127,1,139,2,143,1","situations,6,1,26,1,73,2,122,1,123,1,127,3","siv,52,1","six,59,1,126,1,128,2,136,1,138,1","sixpence,136,1","sixth,126,1","size,61,4,126,2,139,1","sizeof,126,1","sizes,126,1","skill,70,1","skilled,128,1","skills,125,1","skin,61,1,66,1,122,14,123,19,124,6,125,1","skitskiy,143,1","slag,128,1","slanted,128,1","slater,102,1,103,2","sleep,125,2,126,1","slice,61,1","sliding,125,1","slight,125,6,126,1","slightdecrease,126,1","slightly,61,1,71,1,76,1,124,1,126,1,141,1","slits,125,2","slope,126,1","slovenia,69,1,140,1","slow,49,2,106,1,113,1,114,2,123,1,124,1,125,5,127,1","slowerand,126,1","slowing,126,1","slowly,61,1,125,1,127,4","sludge,15,1,35,1,36,1,38,1,119,1,127,1,143,1","slurred,70,1","sm,43,1","small,5,1,61,2,59,3,72,1,70,1,104,1,75,2,117,1,123,2,124,2,125,5,126,3,129,1,128,1,141,2,143,4","smaller,61,1,125,1","smallincrease,126,1","smell,124,1,125,2","smelter,16,1","smelting,60,1,143,4","smilingly,125,1","smith,59,1,70,1,107,1,122,1,123,1,126,3","smoke,125,1,128,1","smokestack,63,1","smoking,122,2,123,2,126,5","smokingand,126,1","smpling,48,4","smr,126,5","smrs,126,2","smw,13,1,20,1,22,1,56,5,69,1,79,1,93,1","sn,135,2","snout,126,1","soak,61,1","soaked,61,1,128,1","soap,122,5,123,5","soc,114,5","social,125,1","societies,124,1","society,18,2,56,7,83,1,89,1,90,1,104,2,78,1,102,1,103,1,107,2,113,2,132,1","soda,59,1","sodium,124,1,125,2","softness,138,1","soil,15,1,64,1,119,21","soils,64,1,119,2","sold,61,5,59,1,60,2,139,1,128,3","solely,124,1","soles,124,2,145,1","solid,15,1,33,1,74,4,76,1,102,1,122,2,123,5,143,1","solidmercury,6,1","solids,75,1,119,1","solidwastes,130,1","solis,128,1","solubilities,23,1,72,1,75,1","solubility,1,1,23,1,24,6,39,1,54,1,75,1,96,1,99,27,100,23,122,1,123,3,124,5,127,1,131,2,133,1","soluble,56,1,74,1,75,3,124,2,125,1","solution,20,2,56,1,66,2,124,2,125,1,134,1","solutions,54,1,60,1,123,3,124,2,125,1","solve,1,1,10,4,19,4,45,4","solvent,37,1,134,1","solvents,8,1,17,1,34,3,113,1","solves,1,4","solving,1,1,56,1","somatic,126,2","sombat,61,1","someone,122,1,123,1","somerville,62,2","sometimes,15,1,36,1,122,1,125,6","somewhat,20,1,129,1,131,1","son,124,1","soon,5,1,122,1,123,1,125,6","sooner,125,1","sophisticated,35,1","sorbent,15,1,43,1,16,1,35,2,36,1,41,2,55,1","sorbents,15,1,35,1","sore,122,1,125,3","soreness,122,1","sores,122,1","sorrow,70,1","sorts,66,1","sorurbakhsh,104,1","soukhonkoye,143,2","sound,62,1,36,1","soup,11,5,61,34","sour,16,1,56,1,114,6,125,1","source,34,1,35,1,60,3,66,1,67,1,70,4,104,1,75,3,102,3,107,1,116,1,122,1,123,1,125,3,126,2,132,1,141,1,143,1,144,1,157,1","sourceof,48,1","sources,34,1,60,6,63,1,64,5,72,1,104,5,73,1,75,3,92,1,102,2,103,2,107,1,113,1,123,1,126,1,127,1,130,7,131,6,141,4,143,4","south,16,9,59,1,73,1,102,3,139,1,143,2","southeast,16,1,83,1,142,1","southerly,125,1","southern,61,2,143,1","southernmost,70,1","southwestern,141,7","space,125,2,127,2","spain,59,2,69,1,139,6,130,1,138,1,144,2","spallation,131,6","span,75,1","spanish,125,3,126,1,139,5,144,4","spanned,75,1","spans,75,1","spared,125,1","spasticity,123,2","spatial,63,1","spawning,143,1","spe,17,2,18,1,49,1,56,1,83,17,90,17,104,2,75,2,77,6,92,2,102,2,103,2,107,2,113,3,114,2","speak,61,1,125,1","special,20,2,33,1,40,1,56,1,122,1,123,1,124,1,125,2,139,1","specialist,128,1","specialists,1,1,45,1,127,1,133,1","specialized,33,1,122,1,131,2","specializes,2,1,10,1,43,1,42,1","speciate,2,1","speciating,38,1,75,1","speciation,8,5,16,5,34,1,35,1,71,1,48,1,50,2,72,1,104,1,75,1,107,2","species,1,2,8,1,61,2,17,1,20,1,33,1,34,2,35,3,39,18,71,1,50,1,55,2,64,3,65,1,72,1,83,2,74,2,75,1,77,1,78,1,92,1,93,2,98,1,102,4,107,9,113,1,116,6,126,1,127,5,143,1","specific,35,1,41,1,57,1,60,3,104,1,73,2,122,2,123,5,124,2,126,1,127,3,137,20,138,1","specifically,33,1,104,1,75,1,124,1,125,1","specification,34,1","specifications,28,1,60,1,104,1","specified,126,2,127,1","specimens,125,1,131,1,138,1","spectrom,34,1,102,1,103,1","spectrometry,75,2,131,1","spectrophotometer,122,1","spectroscopy,61,1,75,1,107,1","speculated,126,1","speculation,75,1","speech,66,1,70,1","speed,126,2","spend,141,1","spent,15,2,126,1,143,1","spermicidal,124,1","spill,46,1,56,1,122,2,123,2","spilled,2,1,122,2,123,1,125,1","spills,122,1,123,1","spiral,120,1","spirits,138,1","spite,20,1,120,1,73,1,125,2,140,1","splash,123,1","spleen,125,1","splintery,138,1","splitter,25,1","spoiled,125,1","sponsored,56,1","spontaneous,124,1","sporadic,131,1","sportsmen,141,1","spot,125,1","sprague,126,2","sprayed,122,1,145,1","spread,125,1","spring,6,1,125,1,128,1,133,1","springfield,122,1,123,1","springmeeting,49,1,113,1,114,1,133,1","springs,59,1,145,1","sprinkling,125,1","square,128,1,141,1","sredneye,143,1","srm,104,1","srn,44,1","ss,131,1","ssc,115,2","stability,50,1,104,1,75,1,77,1,107,1,126,2","stable,124,1","stack,63,1,129,2,128,1","staff,126,1","stage,127,1","stages,20,1,127,1,144,1","staggering,123,1","stagnant,107,1","staheli,135,1","stainless,49,1,93,1,113,1,114,4,131,2","stalks,61,3","stance,61,1","stand,128,1,145,1","standard,61,2,32,1,71,1,57,1,60,1,104,1,75,1,122,3,123,2,126,1,127,1,141,1","standardization,126,1","standards,27,1,34,1,60,3,104,1,75,2,102,5,103,4,122,1,123,2,126,3","standing,126,1,127,1","standpoint,63,1,72,1","stands,128,1","star,59,2","start,70,1","started,59,1,60,1,125,1,139,1,143,1","starting,125,1","starts,124,1","startup,41,1","state,61,3,57,2,60,1,64,1,74,1,107,2,122,1,125,1,133,1,141,1,143,1,145,4","stated,104,1,75,1,115,1","statement,62,1,124,1","states,62,15,17,1,59,5,60,9,63,1,64,3,66,3,104,5,74,1,75,8,76,1,77,4,78,2,92,4,102,1,103,1,107,4,113,1,122,1,123,2,124,2,126,1,128,1","static,131,2","station,59,1,129,2","stationary,102,1,103,1,128,1","stations,15,1","statistical,104,2,74,1,75,3,77,2,92,1,126,1","statisticalanalysis,126,1","statistically,126,3","statistics,6,1,41,1,75,3,102,1,103,1,109,13,126,1","status,114,1,126,5","stauden,123,1","stauffer,67,1","stay,61,1,125,2,128,1","stayed,125,2","staying,125,1","stays,63,1","steadily,125,1","steady,128,1","steaks,61,1","steam,15,1,16,1,34,3,106,1,102,2,103,2,118,4,108,1,131,1,146,1,147,1,148,1,149,1,150,1,151,1,152,1,153,1,154,1","steaming,66,1","steams,55,1","steel,8,4,17,1,30,6,40,1,49,2,50,1,60,5,65,10,68,4,79,8,93,10,107,1,126,1,130,1,131,7,137,4,134,2","steeland,79,1","steelcoupled,79,1","steels,49,1,93,3,114,5,131,4","steffek,126,2","steinberg,114,1","stem,20,1,93,1","stemming,125,1","step,60,1,66,1,70,1,104,1,124,3","stepanova,126,1","steps,34,1,71,1,66,1,73,1,122,1,123,1","sterling,136,1","steven,61,1","stevens,32,2","stewardship,62,1","stewart,126,2","still,59,2,70,1,75,1,125,8,126,1,136,1,141,1,145,1","stimation,74,4","stimulated,59,1","stimulus,59,1","stir,61,2","stock,61,4,125,3","stockpile,11,5,62,24","stockpiled,62,1","stocks,8,1,54,2,106,1,143,3","stockwell,102,1,103,1","stomach,125,2","stomatitis,122,2,124,2","stonard,126,2","stood,125,1,128,1","stool,124,1","stoop,126,1","stop,60,2","stopped,70,1,122,1,123,1,125,2,143,2","storage,15,1,62,5,38,1,47,1,122,1,123,1","store,15,2,128,2","stored,62,1,122,1,123,1","stores,62,1,64,1","storing,143,1","story,66,2","stove,116,2","stp,49,1,113,1,114,3","strain,6,1,49,2,113,1,114,2","strains,126,1","straits,61,2","strata,102,1","strategic,13,1","strategies,40,2,60,2,72,2","strategy,61,1","stratification,107,1","streak,138,1","stream,15,1,47,1,60,2,70,3,127,3,141,15","streams,2,1,15,3,43,1,44,1,16,1,28,1,33,1,35,2,38,3,47,1,49,1,52,3,56,1,70,1,74,4,76,1,77,1,78,2,92,1,93,2,107,2,141,8,143,1","street,136,1","strength,126,1","stress,56,1,114,1,115,1,133,1","stressed,122,1,123,1,131,1","striated,138,1","strictly,127,1","stringent,27,1","stroma,122,1","strong,123,2,124,1,125,7,126,1,145,1","strongcorrelations,126,1","stronger,125,2","structural,30,1,79,1,131,7","structure,126,2,131,1","structured,119,1","structures,128,3","stucco,128,1","studied,30,1,32,1,70,2,107,1,126,8,127,1,129,1,131,1,135,1","studies,61,1,70,1,104,4,75,4,78,1,102,1,103,1,124,3,126,23,127,1,131,2,141,4","studiesfailed,126,1","studiesof,107,1","study,4,1,16,3,30,1,34,1,59,4,60,2,63,2,64,2,104,4,106,1,75,2,77,20,102,3,103,3,107,6,108,1,113,1,114,1,123,1,126,29,129,1,131,1,134,1,141,1,146,1,147,1,148,1,149,1,150,1,151,1,152,1,153,1,154,1","studying,141,1","studylimitations,126,1","studyrelied,107,1","stuffy,125,1","style,136,1","styling,125,1","sub,75,1,152,18,153,18","subacute,124,1","subbituminous,106,1","subclinical,126,2","subgroups,126,1","subject,63,1,122,1,123,1,126,1","subjected,93,1","subjective,125,1,126,9","subjects,8,1,126,4","subjectsoccupationally,126,1","sublimated,125,1","sublime,157,1","sublimes,123,1","submetallic,138,1","submission,69,1","submit,69,1","subpopulations,126,1","subsequent,124,1","subsequently,126,1,131,2,128,2","subset,61,1","subst,126,1","substance,122,1,123,1,126,12,127,1","substances,60,2,70,1,122,1,123,1,125,1,126,1","substantial,93,1,131,2","substantially,131,1","substituted,70,1,124,1","subtleties,127,1","succeded,125,1","succeeded,61,1","success,34,1,59,1,125,2","successful,93,1,124,1","succimer,124,2","succumbed,125,1,128,1","suchapplications,115,1","suck,125,1","suction,125,2","sudden,6,1,125,2","suddenly,70,1,125,3","suerte,59,1","suffer,5,1,71,1,125,3","suffered,70,1,125,9","suffering,125,6","sufficient,15,1,64,1,83,1,75,1,122,1,123,3,125,2,126,2","sufficiently,125,2,127,2,128,1","suggest,64,1,72,1,75,2","suggested,37,1,66,1,76,1,122,1,125,2","suggesting,126,1,127,1","suggests,60,1,127,1","suicides,70,1","suit,61,1","suitability,36,1","suitable,123,2","suited,125,1","suits,145,1","sulfate,70,3","sulfhydryl,124,4","sulfide,35,2,56,2,70,2,107,1,114,3,117,1,128,1,134,1,138,13,141,2","sulfides,50,1,56,1,74,1,116,1","sulfonate,127,1","sulfoxylate,124,1","sulfur,44,4,69,1,104,2,75,1,106,5,108,1,114,2,124,2,125,1,145,17,146,17,148,17,150,17,152,17,154,5","sulfuric,70,1","sullivan,126,1","sulphide,79,1","sulphur,75,1,145,11","sum,75,1","summaries,126,1","summariesdeveloped,126,1","summary,60,1,75,1,122,2,123,2,126,9","summer,128,1,140,1","sun,109,1,126,4,157,1","sundquist,126,1","superimposed,73,1,127,1","superior,124,1,125,1","supervision,56,1,59,1","supervisor,16,1","supervisory,127,1","supplementary,126,1","supplemented,122,1,123,1","supplied,60,1,125,2,143,1","supplier,60,1","supplies,59,3,128,2","supply,61,1,45,1,107,2","support,10,1,16,1,35,1,45,1,131,2,128,1,144,1","supported,126,1","supporting,126,3","supportive,124,2","supports,64,1,126,1","suppressed,131,1","sural,126,1","surface,5,2,30,2,31,1,56,2,64,1,93,5,123,1,139,1,130,1,131,4,133,1,145,1","surfaces,1,1,5,1,40,2,93,2,107,1,117,1,125,2,127,1,135,1","surprising,125,1","surroundings,128,1","surveillance,122,2,123,2,124,1,126,1,127,1","survey,61,10,59,1,67,1,104,1,75,1,102,2,103,1,126,1,132,2,141,6","surveys,61,3,64,1","survival,126,1","survive,34,1","surviving,126,1","susanne,126,2","susceptibility,115,1","susceptible,6,1,37,4","suspect,127,1","suspected,23,1,93,1,116,1,124,3,125,1,127,2","suspects,122,2,123,1","suspended,35,2,71,1,75,6,78,1,107,1","suspension,70,1","suspicion,124,1","sustained,125,1","sverdlovsk,143,1","sw,61,1","swain,104,1,75,1,102,1,103,1","swallowed,122,3,123,3","swallowing,122,1,123,1","sweating,124,1","sweden,60,1","swedes,126,2","swedish,126,4","sweetish,123,2","swimmer,125,1","switch,60,2","switched,125,1","switches,15,1,60,18","switiching,126,1","switzerland,131,1","swollen,122,1","swordfish,127,1","symbol,61,1,57,1,124,1,128,1","symbolize,32,1","symbolizes,32,1","symposium,49,1,56,1,102,1,103,1,113,1,114,2,126,1","symptom,125,2","symptomatic,124,2,127,1","symptomatology,125,1","symptoms,66,2,70,3,73,1,122,6,123,14,124,17,125,16,126,8,127,3","symptomsindicative,126,1","syn,43,5","syndrome,123,1,124,1,126,1","syngas,34,7","synonyms,122,1,123,3,126,2","synthesis,34,3,126,1","synthetic,107,1","syphilis,138,1","syria,107,1,130,1","system,61,1,16,3,30,2,36,5,60,1,70,2,104,2,75,1,122,2,123,3,124,2,125,5,126,5,131,1,128,3,138,1,141,1,144,2","systematic,127,1","systemconceptual,16,1","systemic,122,1,124,5","systems,4,1,5,1,15,6,43,2,44,2,16,5,17,1,20,1,27,5,28,5,33,1,35,4,36,17,38,6,39,1,52,2,55,1,56,1,60,3,72,2,83,1,120,1,74,1,77,2,79,1,92,2,102,1,103,1,119,1,113,1,123,1,124,1","szymczyk,126,3","table,57,3,104,2,75,2,102,4,103,2,119,1,125,1,127,2,143,6","tables,125,3","tachycardia,124,2","tadjikistan,143,2","taft,123,1","tailings,128,1","tailored,47,1","tainted,61,1","taiwan,61,1","take,50,1,60,3,124,1,125,1,143,1","taken,61,1,59,1,60,2,73,1,75,1,122,4,123,6,125,1,126,2","takes,125,2,127,1","taking,104,1,125,4,126,1","talganskoye,143,1","talk,131,2","tall,128,2","tamvanteyskoye,143,2","tamvatneyskoye,143,1","tang,157,1","tanizawa,114,1","tank,65,5,73,1,157,1","tanker,27,1,75,1","tankers,93,2","tankersley,126,1","tanks,51,1,75,1,93,1,107,1,122,1,123,1","tanksthat,107,1","tao,34,2,102,3,103,2","tapping,126,1","tar,74,1","target,126,1,131,2","targets,60,1,124,2,131,2","task,15,1,33,1,60,2","tasks,93,1,125,2,126,1","tassignon,126,1","taste,61,1,124,2,125,1","tattooing,124,2","tau,143,1","taueg,124,1","tax,144,1","taxidermy,124,1","taylor,126,1","tbsp,61,4","tcl,131,2","tcls,131,1","td,75,5","tdi,61,1","tea,66,1,155,1","tearing,125,2","tech,17,1,104,1,75,1,76,1,78,1,107,2,113,1,114,1","technical,2,1,10,1,22,1,35,1,36,1,41,1,55,1,56,6,59,1,63,1,122,1,139,1,140,1,144,1","technically,34,1,122,1,123,1","technique,104,1","techniques,33,1,35,2,71,1,72,1,131,1","technol,75,1,102,1,103,1,133,1","technological,61,1","technologies,54,1,60,1,120,1,143,1","technology,1,12,2,14,3,2,4,2,5,2,6,2,7,11,8,11,9,11,10,15,11,2,12,19,13,20,14,20,15,2,43,4,44,11,61,2,62,2,16,17,17,7,18,11,19,12,20,3,22,19,23,6,24,11,25,2,26,2,27,6,28,6,29,6,30,2,31,2,32,2,33,2,34,2,35,3,36,2,37,3,38,2,39,2,40,11,41,2,42,2,71,2,45,11,46,6,47,11,48,2,49,11,50,7,51,11,52,11,53,2,54,3,55,11,56,8,57,3,58,3,59,3,60,2,63,2,64,2,65,2,66,2,67,2,68,2,69,2,72,3,70,3,83,11,84,15,85,15,86,11,87,15,88,15,89,15,90,15,91,15,104,4,105,2,120,2,121,2,73,2,74,7,75,2,76,2,77,2,78,2,79,2,80,11,81,11,82,15,92,6,93,2,96,3,97,2,98,2,99,2,100,2,101,2,102,3,103,2,118,2,119,2,106,3,107,3,108,2,109,2,111,7,113,15,114,6,115,2,116,2,117,2,122,3,123,3,124,2,125,2,126,2,127,2,129,2,139,2,130,2,131,2,128,2,135,2,136,2,137,2,132,3,133,3,134,2,140,7,138,2,141,6,142,2,143,2,144,2,145,2,146,2,147,2,148,2,149,2,150,3,151,2,152,2,153,2,154,2,155,2,156,2,157,2","teeth,122,2,124,1,125,5,128,1,135,4","telephone,56,1,125,3","telling,125,1","temperate,116,1","temperature,6,1,34,2,71,1,120,1,114,1,122,1,123,1,124,2,125,4,131,2,128,2,134,1","temperatures,34,1,39,1,123,1,131,1","temporal,124,1","temporary,125,1,143,1","tend,64,1,138,1","tended,107,1,126,1,128,1","tendon,126,1","tends,141,1","tennessee,60,1,126,1","tenniel,136,1","tensions,139,1","tenuous,127,1","teratogenic,124,2","teratology,126,1","terlighaiskoye,143,1","terlingua,59,9,128,1","terluhaiskoye,143,1","term,61,1,66,1,122,2,126,8","termexposure,126,1","termexposures,126,1","terminal,75,1","terms,77,1,126,1","terrestrial,63,1","test,5,5,41,1,56,1,102,1,103,1,114,1,123,1,124,1,125,1,126,3,131,1,145,1","tested,61,1,34,1,133,1","testimony,46,15,56,1","testing,18,1,48,1,49,1,56,2,89,1,114,2,124,2,125,3,126,1,127,1,131,2,141,1","tests,5,5,61,2,20,1,49,1,104,1,93,1,113,1,114,1,126,7","testsare,126,1","tewalt,107,1","texas,1,1,10,5,11,1,12,4,13,5,19,4,45,4,56,2,59,42,69,1,91,1,104,2,75,1,77,1,93,1,102,1,103,1,107,1,113,1,128,20,138,1,156,12","text,126,1","tg,124,1","thai,61,3","thailand,8,1,13,2,15,1,43,1,44,1,61,9,62,1,18,1,19,1,20,1,23,1,40,1,45,1,47,1,49,1,56,1,59,1,60,1,68,1,70,1,85,5,87,1,73,1,107,1,111,1,113,1,116,1,129,1,130,1,131,1,135,1,137,1,133,1,134,1,155,1,156,1,157,1","thancontrols,126,1","thankfully,125,1","thanother,126,1","thanthose,126,1","thatcharacterize,145,1","thatexamined,126,1","thatexceeded,126,1","thatmercury,26,1","thatthe,126,1","theaction,126,1","theacute,126,1","theater,125,1","theauthors,126,1","theaverage,126,1","thebackground,126,1","thebradley,145,1","thecalifornia,142,1","thecavity,135,1","thechronic,126,1","theconcentrations,126,1","theconstitution,145,1","thecontinued,142,1","thecontrol,126,2","theconventional,79,1","thecorrespondence,126,1","thecracker,25,1","theexposed,126,1","thefacility,126,1","thefocus,107,1","thefollowing,102,1","thefurnaces,145,1","thehuman,126,1","theincidence,126,1","theindividual,126,1","thekey,126,1","thelaw,145,2","theleading,130,1","themen,145,1","themercury,126,1","thempiam,61,1","themselves,125,3","theneurobehavioral,126,1","thenorwegian,126,1","thenumber,126,1","theoccurrence,126,1","theodorakos,141,2","theoffice,126,1","theophylline,124,2","theoretical,23,1,133,1","theperiod,126,1","thepetrochemical,115,1","thephysiology,135,1","thepossibility,115,1","thepresident,145,1","theproportion,126,1","theproportions,135,1","thequantitative,126,1","thequantity,30,1","therapeutic,124,2","therapeutics,124,1","therapies,127,4","therapy,124,5,125,2","thereafter,126,1,128,1,145,1","therefore,61,3,124,5,125,1,126,3,130,1,135,1,143,1","thereported,126,1","therevision,126,2","thermal,8,1,38,1,47,1,50,1,57,2,104,1,75,3,131,2","thermally,114,1","thermodynamic,48,1","thermometer,46,1,56,1,124,3","thermometers,124,3,143,1","thesamples,126,1","thesanta,142,1","theseconsiderations,126,1","theseeffects,126,1","theseissues,30,1","thesite,142,1","thestatistical,126,1","thestream,107,1","thestudies,126,1","thevolatilisation,130,1","thg,104,1,75,1,102,6,103,3,107,2","thicken,61,1,66,1","thickness,131,1","thighs,125,1","thimerosal,124,7","thing,125,1","things,125,2","think,125,2","thinking,125,2","thiol,75,1,124,2","thiophene,75,1","third,48,5,59,1,125,1,126,3,139,1,128,1,135,1","thirdly,73,1","thiringer,126,1","thirty,59,1","thisassessment,126,2","thisoccupation,126,1","thisstudy,126,1","thomas,122,1,123,2","thorough,36,1,124,1,127,1","thoroughly,122,1,123,1,125,1","those,20,1,35,1,36,1,63,1,64,1,69,1,72,1,70,1,73,1,74,1,122,1,123,2,124,1,125,5,126,9,127,2,128,1,141,1","thosefound,126,1","though,124,1","thought,61,1,32,1,70,1,75,1,93,1,125,3,138,1,144,1","thousand,59,1,141,1","thousands,64,1,70,1","thousandth,125,1","threat,60,1,124,1","threatened,125,1","threatening,124,1","three,15,1,61,1,30,1,34,1,71,1,60,2,104,1,75,1,77,1,107,1,122,2,123,1,125,3,126,4,131,1,128,4,132,1,138,2,144,1","threshold,61,1,122,2,123,2,126,2,127,2","thresholds,126,1","throat,122,1,123,1,124,2,125,3","throats,125,1","thrombocytopenia,124,1","thrombocytosis,124,1","through,61,1,60,1,66,2,70,1,106,1,114,1,122,3,123,2,124,7,125,11,126,1,128,2,136,1,141,1,144,1","throughout,61,1,77,1,92,1,124,2,125,1,126,1,135,1,141,1","thus,15,2,61,4,33,2,35,1,40,1,63,1,72,1,74,1,75,1,79,2,107,1,116,1,125,5,126,2,139,1,128,1,141,2","tibskoye,143,1","tiburcio,145,1","tid,124,1","tightness,122,1","till,141,1,143,2","tilt,126,1","time,61,2,38,1,40,1,59,2,60,1,63,1,64,1,65,1,66,3,70,1,104,4,73,1,75,1,107,1,123,3,124,3,125,24,126,6,127,5,139,1,128,4,136,1,143,6","times,61,2,66,1,70,1,104,1,75,2,93,1,125,2,127,1,139,1,132,1,134,2,145,1","timetable,60,1","timing,124,1","tin,33,1,125,2,135,1","tingling,123,2","tintinalli,124,1","tires,24,1,105,22","tissue,61,2,64,1,124,1,126,1,127,10","tissues,61,1,126,2,127,2","tiva,143,1","tlv,127,1","tma,155,1","tms,131,2","tn,62,2","to0,126,1","to60,126,1","toaccelerate,79,1","toaccount,126,1","toaffect,126,1","toasbestos,126,1","toascertain,126,1","toassist,26,1","tobacco,125,1","today,70,1,73,1,125,6,128,2,143,2,144,1","todissolution,135,1","together,104,1,125,2,126,2,130,2","toilet,122,1,123,1","toincrease,130,1","tokyo,70,2","toledo,144,1","tolerable,61,1,125,1","tolerance,123,1","tolerated,66,1","tolimit,126,1","tollefson,61,1","tolonen,126,6","toluene,34,1,39,2,98,14","tom,141,1","tomb,138,1","tomball,12,4,13,5,56,1,74,1,79,1,93,1","tombs,124,1","tomeasure,5,1,8,1","tomercury,1,1,126,5","tometal,5,1","tomethods,126,1","tominaga,34,1,102,1,103,1","ton,59,1,139,1,128,1,132,1","tone,124,1","tongue,122,2,125,1","tonnes,61,2,143,1","tons,62,9,59,2,60,7,67,1,70,1,104,11,139,1,132,2","too,125,4","took,125,2,126,2,128,1,143,1","tool,31,4","toole,107,1","tools,31,4,83,1,104,1,127,1","tooth,125,8","toothache,125,1","toothaches,125,1","top,61,3,64,1,66,1,128,1","topic,61,2,83,1","topical,124,1","topics,1,2,41,1,131,4","tops,125,1","topside,15,1,83,1","topsoil,130,1","torch,127,1","toribara,123,1","torture,125,1","tosection,126,1","toslick,31,1","tot,104,1,102,1,103,1","total,61,3,24,1,35,1,37,1,39,1,71,1,59,1,60,2,64,1,104,2,73,1,74,1,75,5,76,2,77,3,78,3,92,1,102,1,106,1,107,3,126,6,127,8,129,2,139,1,130,2,128,1,143,3,145,3,155,1,157,3","totalling,122,1,123,1","totally,143,1","totalmercury,107,1,130,1","tothe,126,1","touch,122,1,123,1","tour,56,1","toussaint,126,1","toward,10,1,60,1,70,1","towels,123,2","tower,13,1,25,1,49,1,95,8","town,70,3,145,1","toxic,2,1,10,1,15,1,61,3,34,1,35,1,38,2,60,4,70,1,104,1,73,1,102,2,103,2,122,1,123,5,124,12,126,2,127,2,141,1","toxiceffects,126,1","toxicity,10,1,73,2,122,1,124,46,126,4,127,2","toxicokinetics,127,3","toxicol,124,2,126,2","toxicological,73,1","toxicologist,124,2","toxicologists,127,1","toxicology,35,1,122,6,123,5,124,4,126,1","toxics,60,1,102,1,103,1,106,1,108,1,146,1,147,1,148,1,149,1,150,1,151,1,152,1,153,1,154,1","toxicsinvehicles,60,1","trace,6,1,33,1,34,1,104,1,74,1,75,6,102,4,103,3,107,1,129,6,128,1,134,1","traces,61,1,125,1","track,125,1","tracking,60,1","tract,122,2,123,2,124,7","trade,61,2,107,4","traded,61,1","trading,59,1,70,1","tradition,140,1","train,2,1,36,1","trained,45,1","training,4,1,9,1,20,1,45,7,122,1,123,1,127,1","trans,75,1,102,1,103,1","transbaikalia,143,1","transcend,73,1","transfer,129,1,131,3","transferase,124,1","transferred,116,1,141,1","transformation,74,1,131,1","transformations,64,1","transforming,56,1","transient,124,1,125,1","transit,124,2","transition,57,1","translated,125,1","translation,70,1","translucent,138,1","transmission,16,1,30,1,133,1","transmute,138,1","transparency,138,1","transparent,138,1","transpeptidase,126,1","transport,47,4,56,1,64,1,114,1,127,1","transportation,16,1,33,1,45,1,74,2,75,1,79,1,107,1","transportationwere,78,1","transported,64,1,127,1","transporter,16,1","transporting,64,1,128,1","trap,104,1","trapped,124,1,128,1","trapping,39,1","traveling,128,1","traversed,59,1","traverses,50,1","tray,25,1","treasurer,66,1","treat,28,1,138,1","treated,15,1,28,2,38,1,122,1,124,1,125,4,126,1","treaters,36,1","treating,127,1","treatment,15,4,43,1,44,1,16,1,27,1,28,4,35,1,38,6,47,2,49,1,56,2,58,1,66,1,102,1,119,1,113,2,114,1,124,20,125,1,126,1,127,2,143,1,157,1","treatments,55,1,93,1,125,2,127,1,131,1","treatmentsystem,27,1","treaty,145,1","trefry,75,1,102,1,103,1","trembling,126,1","tremendous,73,1","tremor,124,2,126,12","tremorfrequency,126,1","tremors,66,1,122,2,124,2,125,1,126,2,127,1","trend,120,1","trends,73,1","tri,75,1,102,1,103,1","triad,124,1","trial,16,2","triangle,104,2,74,1,75,1,102,7,103,7,126,1","triassic,102,1","tribes,64,1","tried,125,3,145,1","triethylarsine,155,1","trigonal,138,2","trillion,104,1,75,1","trim,61,1","trimethylarsine,111,4,155,5,157,4","trinidad,107,1","tripod,125,1","tripods,125,2","trips,6,1","triumph,66,1","trocine,75,1,102,1,103,1","trouble,124,1","trucks,60,2","true,75,1,125,3,135,2","truly,75,1","trunk,60,1","tsp,61,1","ttn,102,1,103,1,106,1,108,1,146,1,147,1,148,1,149,1,150,1,151,1,152,1,153,1,154,1","tube,125,4,126,1","tubes,128,1","tubing,5,1,31,5,49,1","tubs,125,2","tubular,34,1,124,1,126,1","tubulardamage,126,1","tubulars,114,1","tumor,124,1","tumors,126,4","tumours,126,1","tuna,127,1","tunisia,130,1","tunnel,123,1,124,1","tunnels,144,1","turbine,104,1","turbines,131,2","turbo,16,1","turissini,133,1","turkey,130,1","turn,20,1,29,1,66,2","turned,66,1,125,2","tw,124,2","twa,126,13,127,3","twawhich,126,1","twelve,136,1","twenty,10,1,56,1,5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arrFiles=new Array();arrFiles[0]=new Array(1,"","24 Jul 2010","Mercury Detection and Control - Mercury Technology Services","mercury research, mercury risk assessment, design mercury removal, mercury corrosion , mercury mapping, mercury modeling, mercury in condensate, mercury control, mercury detection, mecury removal from naphtha, mercury in refining, mercury in hydrocarbons","Mercury Technology Services solves problems related to mercury in industrial processes.","Mercury Technology Services - Specialists in Mercury Detection, Control and Removal Services. MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury Technology Services MTS is a private consulting company,incorporated in 1985 in Texas (USA). MTS assists clients to solve problems related tomercury as found in industrial processes. Our customers include major oiland gas producers, petrochemical manufacturers, petroleum refiners, and ahost of others. MTS has worked in over 30 countries around the world and forover 100 client companies. Read More Recent Accomplishments Materials	presentation Mercury	Management	Heat Exchanger Inspection Mercury	in Appraisal Wells Aluminum heat exchanger risk Project	Highlights ................................................................. ....................................................................... Research Science is the foundation of MTS. We	conduct and manage research projects to answer important questions on the	chemistry of mercury. Mercury research topics include interaction of mercury with	metal surfaces, analytical method development for mercury chemical	species, determination of chemical	properties (solubility, vapor pressure) and a variety of other topics. Read More Services MTS is dedicated to solving problems and limiting liabilities. Services includeequipment risk assessment, mercury removal process design, materials selectionto resist mercury in process fluids, analytical mapping of mercury species,computational modeling to predict deposition, forecasting product quality liabilities and experttestimony. Read More Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: Project	Highlights	:: Search	:: Hg	Info	:: Contact ©Copyright 2010 Mercury Technology Services All rights reserved",8);arrFiles[1]=new Array(2,"Basic/profile.html","1 Aug 2010","Mercury Technology Services - Company Profile","mercury, mercury detection, mercury control, mercury detection and control, mecury removal from hydrocarbons, mercury in refining, mercury in hydrocarbons, mercury in petroleum, mercury in oil, mercury in gas, corrosion by mercury, mercury attack of alum","Mercury Technology Services - Company Profile","Mercury Technology Services - Company Profile MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury Technology Services Mercury Technology Services has provided technical assistance to companies having problems related to mercury and other metal contaminants in industrial processes for over20 years. MTS specializes in determining the fates of metals in fossil fuel processing and petrochemical manufacture . We assist our clients to design and implement processes to remove mercury and arsenic from process feeds and waste streams. We develop and apply analytical methods to measure and speciate metals in matrices found in conjunction with hydrocarbon production and processing. MTS provides technology and procedures for decontamination of equipment and processes where mercury has accumulated or spilled. We train workers to avoid hazards associated with toxic metals and assist our clients to avoid waste generation and other liabilities. MTS is an international company with experience on all continents . Projects | HgInformation | Publications | Presentations | Background Email Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Search	:: Services	:: Contact ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",6);arrFiles[2]=new Array(3,"Project%20highlights/heat%20exchanger%20inspection%20.html","18 Jul 2010","Borescope Inspection","mercury inspection, borescope inspection, aluminum heat exchanger,","Inspetion of Aluminum Heat Exchanger","Heat Exchanger Inspection MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : PROJECT HIGHLIGHTS 2010 Heat Exchanger Inspection 2010 - MTS and CR Asia provided inspectionservices for a gas separation plant having aluminum heat exchangers. Servicesincluded construction of an inspection plan, insulation and mechanical, mercurymonitoring and borescope inspection. The inspection included video records anddigital photographs for remote interpretation. Email Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[3]=new Array(4,"Project%20highlights/mercury%20management.html","18 Jul 2010","Mercury Management Review","mercury, mercury management, managing mercury, oil and gas mercury, corporate mercury policy","Mercury Management Review.","Mercury Management Review MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : PROJECT HIGHLIGHTS 2009 Mercury Management Review 2009 - MTS conducted a year-long study andreview of a major oil and gas producer \'s mercury program. The review examinedanalytical procedures, safety policy, mercury removal systems, training programsand management organization. The mercury management program was optimized so asto react to information inputs in a rapid manner. Critical areas were identifiedthat had potentially major implications for company liability and profitability.Company policy changes were implemented based on the MTS review. MercuryManagement Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology, All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[4]=new Array(5,"Project%20highlights/mercury%20measurements%20in%20appraisal%20wells.html","23 Jul 2010","Mercury Measurements in Appraisal Wells","mercury in appraisal wells, mercury in gas, test separator, downhole mercury tests, mercury loss, mercury scavenging","Mercury Measurements in Appraisal Wells.","Mercury Measurements in Appraisal Wells MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : PROJECT HIGHLIGHTS 2009 Optimization of Mercury Measurements in Appraisal Wells 2009 - MTS assisted a major gas producer tomeasure mercury during early well flow. The gas company needed to know if a newdevelopment would produce significant quantities of mercury so that productionfacilities and gas processing systems could be designed. Surface tests formercury using a test separator are seldom accurate due to losses of mercury tometal surfaces. Production tubing can scavenge essentially all mercury inearly produced fluids such that measurements of mercury in gas or condensatetaken soon after drilling are always biased low; so low in fact that they can bemisleading. Downhole sampling methods also suffer from major mercury losses dueto small fluid volumes and large sample container surface areas. MTS hasdeveloped new procedures to quantify losses of mercury so that early mercurymeasurements correlate to reservoir concentrations. Mercury in GasMeasurements Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services- All rights reserved",5);arrFiles[5]=new Array(6,"Publications/AHX%20Risk.html","25 Jul 2010","Risk Analysis for Operation of Aluminum Heat Exchangers Contaminated by Mercury","mercury, mercury corrosion, mercury and aluminum, cold box mercury, Hg liquid metal embrittlement, LME","Risk Analysis for Mercury in Aluminum Heat Exchangers","Risk Analysis for Operation of Aluminum Heat Exchangers Contaminated by	Mercury MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Risk Analysis for Operation of Aluminum Heat ExchangersContaminated by Mercury Wilhelm, S. M., Risk Analysis for Operation of Aluminum Heat ExchangersContaminated by Mercury, Proceedings 4th Global Congress on Process Safety, 2008AIChE Spring Meeting, New Orleans. ABSTRACT Brazed aluminum plate-fin heat exchangers are extensively used in gasseparation processes including LNG, LPG, NGL, nitrogen rejection and olefinsmanufacture. In situations where mercury is a trace component of feed gas orliquid feeds to crackers, condensation of liquid or precipitation of solidmercury can occur in heat exchanger passes, even with functional mercury removalsystems in place. Mercury in liquid phase causes, under certain well-definedconditions, liquid metal embrittlement of susceptible metallurgy or amalgamcorrosion of core fins, both of which can lead to sudden loss of pressurecontainment. Mercury-contaminated aluminum heat exchangers require closescrutiny and quantitative risk assessment to allow safe operation, remediationor to justify replacement. The risk analysis procedure involves computationalprediction of mercury deposition, inspection of critical areas, detailedassessment of metallurgy and fabrication, strain analysis of temperature changesduring trips and shutdowns and oxide fatigue analysis. Differentiation of leakand rupture failure modes can be accomplished based on calculated amount ofdeposition and on location of mercury deposits as determined from focusedinspection. Assigning probability of failure requires an intimate understandingof the mechanistic influences to Liquid Metal Embrittlement (LME) crackinitiation and propagation. Failure statistics are essential to assignation ofprobability-based risk factors. Request a copy Inspection Services Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: Data	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",8);arrFiles[6]=new Array(7,"Project%20highlights/Project%20highlights.html","23 Jul 2010","Project Highlights Mercury Technology Services","mercury in pipelines, mercury risk analysis, mercury removal units, mercury in refineries, mercury corrosion, liquid metal embrittlement, mercury projects","Mercury Technology Services Project Highlights","Mercury Technology Services - Recent Project Highlights MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : MTS PROJECT HIGHLIGHTS 2007, 2008, 2009 Mercury	Management Project (2009) Mercury Measurements in	Appraisal Wells (2009)	Mercury in Olefins Process (2008)	Corporate Mercury Policy (2008) Produced	water (2008) MRU	for Gas and LPG (2008) Risk	Analysis for AHX (2007)	Mercury in Pipelines (2007) Well	Intervention (2007) Heat echanger Inspection	(2010) Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: Data	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",5);arrFiles[7]=new Array(8,"Services/research.html","18 Jul 2010","Mercury Technology Services - Research and Development ","mercury detection, mercury control, mercury detection and control, mecury removal, mercury research, mercury R&D, mercury in steel, speciation of mercury, dimethylmercury in chemical processes, mercury in pipelines","Mercury Technology Services - Research and Development","Mercury Technology Services - Research and Development MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Research and Development MTS has ongoing research efforts into the following subjects: Analytical methods tomeasure mercury species in gas and liquid hydrocarbons Speciation of mercury in liquid hydrocarbons and solvents Mercuryremoval from crude oil Mercuryremoval from gas and liquid process feed stocks Thermal processes to remove mercury from complicated waste matrices Chemical processes for decontamination of equipment Evaporation of elemental mercury Pipeline Integrity Mercury inSteel Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 1996-2007 Mercury Technology All rights reserved ::Website Designed by SEO Services Thailand",5);arrFiles[8]=new Array(9,"Services/Services.html","1 Aug 2010","Mercury Technology Services - Commercial Services","mercury process design, mercury detection, mercury control, mercury detection and control, mecury removal, mercury decontamination, mercury expert witness, mercury modeling, mercury analytical services","Mercury Technology Services - Commercial Services","Mercury Technology Services - Commercial Services MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : MTS Commercial Services Cold Box Risk Assessment DECONTAMINATION REFINERY SERVICES PROCESS DESIGN EQUIPMENT TRAINING RESEARCH LEGAL WASTE ANALYSIS CORROSION POLLUTION PREVENTION MERCURY DISTRIBUTION MODELING RISK ANALYSIS INDUSTRIAL SERVICES PIPELINE SERVICES OFFSHORE MATERIALS SELECTION CONSULTING Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",5);arrFiles[9]=new Array(10,"Basic/home.html","1 Aug 2010","Mercury Detection and Control - Mercury Technology Services","mercury, mercury detection, mercury control, mercury detection and control, mecury removal from hydrocarbons, mercury in refining, mercury in hydrocarbons, mercury in petroleum, mercury in oil, mercury in gas, corrosion by mercury, mercury attack of alum","Mercury Technology Services is a private consulting company, incorporated in 1985 in Texas (USA). MTS assist clients to solve problems related to mercury as found in industrial processes.","Technology and Services for Mercury Detection and Control MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury Technology Services Technology and Services for Mercury Detection and Control Mercury Technology Services (MTS) is an industrial services company that provides technical support and consulting for the natural gas processing, petrochemical manufacturing and petroleum refining industries. MTS \' commercial activities are directed toward detection and control of industrial mercury contamination. MTS is a privately held corporation, registered in Texas (1985), that specializes in technology development and application with a major emphasis on problems relating to mercury and other heavy metals. Mercury causes difficult engineering problems in industrial settings because of its volatility, mobility, and toxicity. MTS has extensive experience in projects where toxic metals are process contaminants or environmental pollutants. MTS actively engages in research and engineering relating to removal of metals from processes, equipment, and locations of accidental occurrence. Because of this expertise, MTS is uniquely positioned to provide comprehensive advice and services to customers who are in need of remediation, process decontamination and removal services. The President of MTS is Dr. S. Mark Wilhelm who has over twenty years of post-graduate experience in the oil, gas and petrochemical industries. MTS Profile | Services | Publications Projects | Presentations | Information on Mercury Cold Box Risk Assessment | Mercury Removal | Mercury Data Search HgTech Email Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact ©Copyright 2010 Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",7);arrFiles[10]=new Array(11,"Information/Mercury_Information.html","9 Jul 2010","Information on Mercury","mercury, mercury mines, mercury in sharks, mercury emissions, mad hatter, mercury in cars, mercury stockpile, shark fin soup","Mercury Information","Information on Mercury MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Information on Mercury Properties of Mercury Health and Safety Shark Fin Soup Mercury in Texas Mercury in Cars U.S. Mercury Stockpile Mercury in Coal Global Mercury Cycle Mercury Corrosion Mad Hatter Volcanoes Minamata Coal Hg Emissions Corrosion of Mercury in Water Mercury Mines Mercury Dime MTS Mercury Data Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology All rights reserved",7);arrFiles[11]=new Array(12,"Basic/search%20HgTech.html","19 Jul 2010","Mercury Technology Services - Search Page","mercury detection, mercury control, mercury detection and control, HgTech, mercury technology, MTS, mercury technology services, Tomball Texas","Mercury Technology Services, Search HgTech","Mercury Technology Services - Search Page MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Search HgTech.com Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Background ©Copyright 1996-2007 Mercury Technology All rights reserved",5);arrFiles[12]=new Array(13,"Basic/contact.html","1 Aug 2010","Mercury Technology Services - Contact Information","mercury detection, mercury control, mercury detection and control, HgTech, mercury technology, MTS, mercury technology services, Tomball Texas","Mercury Technology Services, Contact Information, S. Mark Wilhelm","Mercury Technology Services - Contact Information MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Contact	Information 2008 Mercury Technology Services S.Mark Wilhelm, Ph.D. – President 23014 Lutheran Church Road Tomball Texas 77377 USA smw@HgTech.com Boss	Tower 3241	Rama 4 Road	Klongtoey 10110 Bangkok	THAILAND 281 255 3775 (phone) 713 261 3154 ( US cell) 66 89 886 0935 (Thailand) Commercial Relationships and Strategic Partners Document facsimiles are accepted by email only. Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Background ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology, All rights reserved",6);arrFiles[13]=new Array(14,"Basic/global_presence.html","1 Aug 2010","Mercury Technology Services - Global Presence","Mercury Technology, mercury technology services, mercury services, global presence, world wide projects","Mercury Technology Services - Global Presence","Mercury Technology Services - Global Presence MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury Technology Services Global Presence World-wide Experience Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services - All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[14]=new Array(15,"Basic/back.html","23 Jul 2010","Mercury Contamination of Industrial Processes","mercury in chemical processing, mercury in pipelines, mercury in equipment, mercury in refining, mercury in gas, mercury in petroleum, mercury in refineries, mercury in ethylene, mercury in olefins, mercury in ammonia, mercury in oil production, mercury ","Mercury in industrial processes","Mercury Contamination of Industrial Processes MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury Contamination of Industrial Processes Mercury contamination occurs in a variety of industrial settings: Mercury, in several forms, is a naturally occurring constituent of natural gas and petroleum and contaminates hydrocarbon processing systems. Mercury is present in coal and some is emitted to the atmosphere when coal is burned. Mercury is used in the electrolytic manufacture of chlorine and caustic and contaminates associated process equipment, storage vessels and wastewater streams. Mercury is used in several types of pressure measurement devices and contaminates soil at metering stations associated with gas pipelines. Mercury is used in the manufacture of electrical components and represents a disposal problem for industrial relays, batteries, and switches. Mercury was used extensively by the US defense industry in a variety of defense related applications and has contaminated numerous government facilities. Mercury contamination of hydrocarbon production and processing systems can be more than a mere nuisance. Early detection and accurate quantification of mercury is necessary to assureequipment integrity, to comply with regulations and to insure worker safety. High concentrations of mercury are found in several regions of the world and operators have developed measures to cope with the major ramifications but all such measures benefit from early recognition of potential problems. Routine maintenance and inspection activities become non-routine when mercury is present in fluids above a few ppb and become problematic when mercury concentrations reach approximately 100 ppb. Mercury in crude oil or gas affects quality and price of salable products and raises equipment integrity concerns in proportion to concentration that may be present. In rare cases (SE Asia), mercury can be present in sufficient quantities to interfere with the normal function of heat exchangers, separators and conditioning systems (amine, glycol). -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Three aspects are important to avoid adverse consequences of mercury in produced fluids: Early recognition of mercury as a component in the reservoir . Prediction of the distribution of mercury to topside processes . Equipment and process design to avoid complications. Mercury in crude oil above certain limits can be problematic to refining operations. Mercury poisons catalysts and reduces the quality of refined products. Environmental impacts are also important because running mercury-laden crudes can produce wastewater and solid waste streams having mercury concentrations that exceed regulatory limits. Mercury originating in crude feeds can deposit in equipment and thus can become an important health and safety issue during inspection and maintenance operations. Refiners have the need to know exactly how much mercury is in the refinery crude diet to allow blending to acceptable limits or to develop contingencies. Attaching a certain range to the concentration of mercury in a purchased crude oil is not an easy task and significant errors can be encountered that can produce negative impacts on refinery operations and profitability. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mercury has several detrimental impacts on petrochemical processing: Mercury deposits in cryogenic equipment, sometimes cause cracking of welded aluminum heat exchangers. Numerous cases of cold box failure are recorded in older gas processing plants and steam cracking ethylene plants, however, the introduction of cold box designs that are resistant to mercury and mercury removal systems have served to reduce the incidence of failure. Mercury in products affects downstream processes. Products used for chemical manufacture, especially olefins, ethylene, aromatics and MTBE, are at risk to mercury in process feeds due to the cited equipment problems and due to catalyst poisoning. Mercury contaminates treatment processes such as molecular sieve and glycol dehydration units, and amine acid gas removal systems. Contaminated treatment liquids and spent mol-sieve sorbents are difficult to dispose of and to regenerate. Mercury sorbent materials used for gas or liquid treatment, when spent, constitute a generated hazardous waste that plant operators must store or process for disposal. Mercury deposition in equipment poses a health and safety risk for workers involved in maintenance or inspection activities. Sludge containing mercury from water treatment systems, separators, reactors and heat exchangers represents a toxic waste stream that can be difficult to store or process for disposal. Waste water streams that contain high levels of mercury must be treated to remove mercury prior to discharge thus adding significant costs to plant operational expense. Email Us Home	:: Profile :: Data	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact ©Copyright 1996-2007 Mercury Technology All rights reserved ::Website Designed by SEO Services Thailand",10);arrFiles[15]=new Array(16,"SMW/projects.html","24 Jul 2010","Mercury Technology Services - Projects and Experience","Mercury Technology Services, Merury Projects, Project Experience mercury, completed mercury projects","Mercury Technology Services - Projects and Experience","Mercury Technology Services - Projects and Experience MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : MTS Project Experience (2000 - 2010) 2009, Oil and Gas Field	Development (Asia) – Mercury distribution study, proposed equipment and	process modifications. 2008, Oil and Gas Field	Development (Asia) – Mercury distribution study, MRU conceptual design. 2008, Olefins Process (Asia) –	Mercury distribution study, aluminum equipment cleaning and risk analysis. 2007, FPSO (Asia) – Mercury	removal system conceptual design, offshore application for heavy gas and	produced water 2007, Gas Processor (Asia) – Risk analysis ofcryogenic process equipment, process mercury model, provision of equipmentinspection procedures. 2007, Gas Producer (Asia) – Mercury removal systemconceptual design, offshore application for condensate and produced water. 2007, Gas Processor (Asia) – Risk analysis ofcryogenic process equipment, process mercury model, provision of equipmentinspection procedures, inspection and interpretation. 2006, Refinery (Europe) - Computational modeling of mercury in refinery processes. 2006, Gas Processor (Asia) - Inspection and risk analysis of cryogenic equipment. 2006, Gas Transmission (USA) - Pipeline and gas plant decontamination. 2005-2006, Gas Producer and Processor (Africa) - Modeling of mercury in gas processing and transportation. 2005-2006, Gas Transporter (USA), Consultation on mercury impacts, analytical program design, HSE advice. 2005, Refinery (Asia), Monitoring for mercury in equipment for implementation of HSE policy. 2005, Oil Producer (Australia) - Process modifications for production and processing of gas based on computational modeling of mercury in production (offshore), pipeline and onshore processing (LPG). 2005, Petrochemical Manufacturer (Europe) - Computational modeling of mercury distribution in olefins process, risk analysis for aluminum equipment 2005, Gas Processor (Asia) - Interpretation of mercury data; advice on health, safety and environmental issues; risk analysis of cryogenic process equipment. 2005, Gas Processor (Asia) - Interpretation of mercury analytical data; advice on health, safety and environmental issues; risk analysis of cryogenic process equipment, review of offshore platform design. 2004-2005, Gas Processor (USA) - Investigation of aluminum equipment failure due to mercury deposition. 2004-2005, Gas Processor (Asia) - Consultations on process modifications to reduce mercury impacts to offshore gas production process and onshore gas separation process. 2004, Refinery (Europe) - Computational modeling of mercury in refining process. Conceptual design of mercury removal system for liquid streams. 2004, Oil Producer (SE Asia) - Field trial of mercury removal technology for crude oil. Offshore application. Provided analytical speciation to determine process efficiency for individual mercury compounds. 2004, Gas Processor (South America) - Risk analysis for mercury in cryogenic equipment. Design of cleaning program to alleviate blockage in heat exchangers. 2004, Gas Processor (South America) - Modeling of mercury distribution in glycol dehydration unit. 2004, Gas Producer (Asia) - Investigation of equipment failure caused by mercury. 2004, Olefins Manufacture (Europe) - Risk analysis for mercury in cryogenic equipment. 2004, Refinery (SE Asia) - Monitoring for mercury during equipment steam-out of equipment. Created a process map for mercury contamination. Monitored work activities for personnel protection. 2004, Gas Processor (South America) - Supervisor for mercury removal sorbent change out. 2004, Oil Producer (SE Asia) - Field trial of mercury removal technology for crude oil. Offshore application. Provided analytical speciation to determine process efficiency for individual mercury compounds. 2003, Gas Producer (Middle East) - Conceptual design of mercury removal process for LPG, analytical support, HSE policy guidelines. 2003, Refinery (Asia), Modeling and empirical mass balance of mercury distribution in refinery processes. 2003, Refinery (South America), Risk analysis. 2003, Laboratory (Middle East), Development of mercury detection and speciation methods. 2003, Laboratory (Asia), Development of mercury and arsenic detection and speciation methods. 2002-3, Gas Processor, Inspection and evaluation of cryogenic heat exchangers. 2002-3, U.S. EPA, API, NPRA, Program manager for project investigating mercury in crude oil processed by U.S. refineries. 2002, Gas Producer, Offshore platform inspection. 2002, Refinery (South America), Risk analysis. 2002, Oil Producer (Asia), Company HSE policy for mercury. 2002, Refinery (Asia), Consultations on mercury in refinery wastewater. 2001, Refinery (South America), Development and design of systems to remove mercury from crude oil. 2001, Oil Producer (Europe), Legal opinions on mercury in crude oil. 2001, Petroleum Industry Group (USA), Compilation of data and information on mercury in crude oil. 2001, Gas Producer (Southeast Asia), Analysis and speciation of mercury in condensate. 2001, Gas Producer (Australia), Design of mercury decontamination facility. 2001, Gas Producer (Australia), Conceptual design of mercury removal systems (gas and liquids treatment). 2001, Gas Producer (South America), Conceptual design of mercury removal systems (sour gas). 2001, Gas Producer (South America), Conceptual design of mercury removal systems (turbo-expander plant). 2001, U.S. EPA, Monograph on mercury emissions from petroleum processing and combustion. 2000, Gas Plant (South America), Conceptual design of mercury removal systems (gas). 2000, Copper Smelter (USA), Design and implementation of improvements for mercury waste processing system. 2000, American Petroleum Institute, Monograph document on mercury in wastewater. Project Highlights Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: Data	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",13);arrFiles[16]=new Array(17,"Publications/Papers.html","25 Jul 2010","Mercury Publications","scientific papers about mercury, mercury corrosion, mercury publications, jourmal articles about mercury, mercury in hydrocarbons","Mercury Technology Services Publications","Publications of Mercury Technology Services MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : MTS Publications Identification and Properties of Mercury Species in Crude Oil (ACS Energy & Fuel) Sampling and Analysis of Mercury in Crude Oil (ASTM) Occurrence of Dimethylmercury in Organic Solvents (7th ICGMT Conference) Conceptual Design of Mercury Removal Systems (Hydrocarbon Processing) Mercury in Petroleum (Fuel Proc. Tech.) Avoiding Exposure to Mercury (AIChE) Processing Waste That Contains Mercury (AIChE) Mercury in Petroleum: Processing and Regulatory Issues (ASME) Concentration of Mercury in Crude Oil (Minamata Conference) Mercury in Petroleum and Natural Gas	(Report to U.S. EPA) An Estimate of Mercury Emissions to the Environment from Petroleum (ES&T) Impact of Mercury on Crude Oil Quality	(World Refining) SPE/EPA/DOE Exploration and Production Environmental Conference (SPE) Mercury in Crude Oil Processed in the	United States 2004 (ES&T) Galvanic Corrosion of	Steel Coupled to Liquid Elemental Mercury	(JCSE 2008)	Risk Analysis for Aluminum Heat Exchangers 2008 (AIChE) Mercury in SE Asia Produced Fluids (IPTC	2008) Library request copies of papers Email Home	:: Search	:: Data	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",6);arrFiles[17]=new Array(18,"Presentations/Presentations.html","18 Jul 2010","Presentations by Mercury Technology Services","mercury, API, AIChE, Petrochemical Feedstock Association, ASTM, Intergas, Flow Assurance","Mercury Technology Services Presentations to Industry Groups","Mercury Technology Services - Presentations MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : MTS Presentations Houston MercurySeminar American Institute ofChemical Engineers 2008 Petrochemical FeedstockAssociation 2007 JMC Seminar PattayaThailand 2007 Vietnam SPE; September 2006 Intergas III Conference (Egypt); December 2005 American Petroleum Institute; November 2005 JM Seminar Pattaya Thailand; October 2005 Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute; August 2005 American Society for Testing and Materials; December, 2004 Flow Assurance Forum; September 2004 Society of Petroleum Engineers; March 2003 Publications Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: Data	:: Hg	Info	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology All rights reserved",5);arrFiles[18]=new Array(19,"News/News.html","18 Jul 2010","Mercury Detection and Control - Mercury Technology Services","mercury, mercury detection, mercury control, mercury detection and control, mecury removal, refinery, hydrocarbon, petroleum, oil, gas, corrosion, aluminum, cold box, liquid metal embrittlement, ethylene, heat exchanger, aluminium, LNG, LME, offshore, ol","Mercury Technology Services is a private consulting company, incorporated in 1985 in Texas (USA). MTS assist clients to solve problems related to mercury as found in industrial processes.","Mercury Technology Services News MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury Technology	Services News EPA crude oil project completed Paper presented at AIChE Global SafetyConference New Research Project Paper presented at IPTC (2009) Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: Data	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 1996-2007 Mercury Technology All rights reserved ::Website Designed by SEO Services Thailand",5);arrFiles[19]=new Array(20,"Publications/IPTC%20KL%202008.html","25 Jul 2010","Mercury in Produced Fluids","mercury in oil, mercury in petroleum, managing mercury, IPTC Kuala Lumpur","Mercury in SE Asia Produced Fluids","Mercury in SE Asia Produced Fluids MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury in SE Asia Produced Fluids – Holistic Approach to Managing Offshore Impacts S. Mark Wilhelm, President, Mercury Technology Services (smw@hgtech.com ) Ahmad Afdzal Md Isa, Executive Director, HG Solution Sdn Bhd (afdzal@hgsolution.com.my ) Shaharuddin Safri, Managing Director, HG Solution Sdn Bhd ( shah@hgsolution.com.my ) Abstract Mercury is a naturally occurring constituent ofoil and gas. Mercury concentrations in produced fluids found in Asia aretypically higher than those found in the rest of the world. Experience withmercury in produced fluids has been gained in the Gulf of Thailand, offshore Hollandand Eastern Europe over the last 20 years. This experienced-based informationcan serve as a model for the industry but it is somewhat dispersed and lackscompilation. Procedures and policies adopted by experienced companies includeimplementing special safety precautions for workers, selecting materials anddesigning equipment to avoid degradation, developing procedures to decontaminateequipment, monitoring discharges for environmental protection and utilization ofmercury removal systems to ensure product quality. In spite of the existing bodyof knowledge, when mercury is discovered in new offshore developments, operatorsoften react to problems rather than apply plans developed in advance. Anintegrated, comprehensive and proactive approach to mercury management canminimize negative impacts and reduce operating cost. Consideration should begiven to the consequence of mercury from the initial stages of fielddevelopment. A holistic approach to managing potential impacts involves severalsteps: Forecasting reservoir mercury concentrations	from geology Measuring mercury in drill stem tests Design of facilities to ensure integrity Confirming amounts in early production Modeling of mercury species to predict	partition and deposition Analytical mapping to confirm predictions Training and education of workers Monitoring mercury in air in work	environments Biological monitoring for selected work	activities Planning platform turn-arounds to allow	decontamination and special work procedures Development of mercury waste plan Provision of clear company policies and	action levels Planning for decommissioning early on Because the path to safeand efficient operations crosses many company organizational boundaries,comprehensive policies should be adopted with worker protection and processintegrity paramount. Mercury in process fluids can be handled routinely with fewnegative consequences if a holistic and integrated plan is formulated andimplemented early in field development. Request the entire pape r Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",12);arrFiles[20]=new Array(21,"Publications/AHX%20Risk_files/filelist.xml","25 Jul 2010","filelist.xml","","","",1);arrFiles[21]=new Array(22,"Basic/messages.html","1 Aug 2010","Mercury Technology Services - Messages","mercury services, mercury technology, message to MTS, mercury technology services","Mercury Technology Services, messages","Mercury Technology Services - Messages MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Comments, Messages and Inquiries Comments on the website? Requests for additional information? Requests for copies of publications? Technical questions? Commercial inquiries? Please contact : smw@hgtech.com Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[22]=new Array(23,"Services/equipment.html","18 Jul 2010","Cryogenic Equipment Assessment","mercury, mercury detection, mercury control, mercury detection and control, aluminum, cold box, liquid metal embrittlement, ethylene, heat exchanger, aluminium, LNG, LME, offshore, olefins, Hg, LPG","Mercury Technology Services - Cryogenic Equipment Assessment","Cryogenic Equipment Assessment MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Cryogenic Equipment Assessment MTS has performed numerous assessments of cryogenic heat exchangers that are suspected of being contaminated with mercury. In a typical project, an assessment plan is developed describing locations in the equipment that are likely to be contaminated. Equipment evaluation and inspection includes vapor analysis, video borescope inspection, acoustic emission, and radiography. Fabrication methods and equipment design are examined to allow determination of the metallurgical conditions that are predisposed to attack by mercury. Alloys of fabrication, weld methods, weld geometry, and fabrication records are examined to predict the likelihood of cracking or corrosion caused by mercury. MTS has developed proprietary models of mercury deposition in cryogenic processes based on a database of mercury vapor pressure and solubilities in hydrocarbons. The computational models employ empirical and theoretical mercury solubility data and data from mercury vapor condensation experiments. The models can predict the amount and rate of mercury deposition in cryogenic equipment to predict locations of mercury accumulation and to assist operators in remediation efforts. Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 1996-2007 Mercury Technology All rights reserved ::Website Designed by SEO Services Thailand",5);arrFiles[23]=new Array(24,"Data/Data.html","2 Jul 2010","Mercury Data - Mercury Technology Services","mercury data, mercury viscosity, mercury density, mercury solubility, mercury diffusion, mercury Henry s constant, mercury in coal","Mercury Data - Mercury Technology Services","Mercury Data - Mercury Technology Services MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury Data Mercury physical property data and the concentration of total mercury in various matrices is compiled and updated as new information becomes available. Mercury Density Mercury Viscosity Mercury Water Solubility Solubility of Metals in Mercury Vapor Pressure of Dimethylmercury Henry \'s Constant Dimethylmercury Diffusion of Aluminum in Liquid Mercury Concentration in Crude Oil(Data prior to year 2000) Concentration in Crude Oil (Recent	Data) Concentration in Refined Products Concentration in Fuel Oil Coal Automobile Tires Petroleum Coke Geology Arsenic Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: Hg	Info	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology All rights reserved",5);arrFiles[24]=new Array(25,"Project%20highlights/mercury%20partition%20olefins.html","18 Jul 2010","Mercury Partition in Olefins Cryogenic Separations","Mercury in olefins process, mercury partition in cryogenic equipment, modeling of mercury distribution, olefins, mercury, mercury distribution","Mercury Partition in Olefins Cryogenic Separations","Mercury Partition in Olefins Cryogenic Separations MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : PROJECT HIGHLIGHTS 2008 Mercury Partition in Olefins Cryogenic Process 2008 - MTS provided mercury modelingservices to an olefins plant. Deposition of mercury was predicted in coldseparators, heat exchangers, demethanizer, de-ethanizer and C2 splitter usingflash calculations and tray tower simulations. Limits for mercury in feed to thecracker were determined. Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",5);arrFiles[25]=new Array(26,"Project%20highlights/corporate%20mercury%20policy.html","18 Jul 2010","Corporate Policy for Mercury","mercury policy, corporate mercury policy, mercury detection, mecury removal, mercury safety policy","Corporate Policy for Mercury","Corporate Mercury Policy MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : PROJECT HIGHLIGHTS 2008 Corporate Mercury Policy 2008 - MTS constructed policydocuments for a major oil and gas service company. The policy was needed toassist management to anticipate situations in which mercury might be encounteredin company work activities. Contracting companies may not always be aware thatmercury is present in processes. Contamination is seldom visible or easilydetected. Due diligence requires consideration of contaminants that may impactworkers well in advance of initiation of service work. Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010, Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",5);arrFiles[26]=new Array(27,"Project%20highlights/produced%20water.html","18 Jul 2010","Mercury Removal from Produced Water","mercury, mercury detection, mecury removal, MRU, produced water, FPSO, offshore, mercury","Mercury Technology Services - Conceptual Design of Mercury Removal Systems for Produced Water","Mercury Removal from Produced Water MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : PROJECT HIGHLIGHTS 2008 Conceptual Design for Produced Water MRU 2008 - MTS provided conceptual design services to a major offshoreengineering and construction company for mercury removal systems for producedwater. The E&C firm converted a tanker into an FPSO to handle 150 MMcf/d of gas,10,000 b/d of condensate and 10,000 bpd water. The produced water treatmentsystem was designed to remove mercury to extremely stringent treatment standards requiredfor water discharge. Courtesy Natco Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",5);arrFiles[27]=new Array(28,"Project%20highlights/conceptual%20design%20MRU.html","18 Jul 2010","Mercury Removal from Gas and LPG","mercury, mercury detection, mecury removal, MRU, produced water, FPSO, LPG, gas, natural gas, gas treatment","Mercury Technology Services - Conceptual Design of Mercury Removal Systems for Gas and LPG","Mercury Removal from Gas and LPG MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : PROJECT HIGHLIGHTS 2008 Conceptual Design for Mercury Removal from Gas and LPG 2008 - MTS provided conceptual design services to a majorgas producer and processor for removal systems for to treat gas and LPG. The gas(90 MMscfd) was treated upstream of dehydration and acid gas removal. Product C3and C4 streams were treated to remove mercury to product specifications. Conceptual Design Services Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",5);arrFiles[28]=new Array(29,"Project%20highlights/risk%20analysis%20AHX.html","18 Jul 2010","Mercury Risk Analysis","mercury, risk analysis, aluminum, heat exchanger, radiography, borescope, inspection","Mercury Technology Services - Mercury Risk Analysis","Risk Analysis for Aluminum Equipment MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : PROJECT HIGHLIGHTS 2007 Risk Analysis for Aluminum Equipment 2007 - Aluminum heat exchangers wereinspected by MTS as turn-key contract. An inspection plan was constructed forlocations predicted by computational analysis. The plan for inspection addressedinsulation removal, radiography, borescope inspection. Inspection results wereinterpreted to assess degree of contamination and risk of operation. AHX Risk Analysis Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[29]=new Array(30,"Project%20highlights/pipeline%20project%202007.html","18 Jul 2010","Mercury in Pipelines","mercury in pipelines, decontamination of pipelines, mercury removal from pipelines, mercury corrosion of pipelines, pipeline corrosion by mercury, mercury in steel","MTS Mercury in Pipeline Project","Mercury Removal from Produced Water MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : PROJECT HIGHLIGHTS 2007 Mercury in Pipelines 2007 - MTS completed a two year study ofmercury in a gas transmission pipeline. The research project had three major objectives: to characterize the nature	and extent of the mercury in the pipeline system. to determine if mercury	deposited in the pipeline served to compromise the structural integrity of	the pipeline or of equipment in onshore processing facilities. to construct options to	reduce or eliminate the negative impacts of mercury in the system. Thequantity of mercury in the steel pipe, its chemical nature and the chemicalmechanism by which it was attached to the steel surface were investigated. Theseissues were considered fundamental to understanding corrosion and otherpipe degradation modalities. Localized corrosion (pitting or weld attack),environmental cracking and galvanic corrosion interactions were examined fromthe perspective of mercury in pipe fluids, and from the perspective of mercurychemisorbed to the pipe surface. Methods to remove mercury from the pipelinesystem, without causing any damage to the pipe, wereintensively studied. The focus of remediation was to minimize risk of worker exposure as might be possible during maintenance and inspectionactivities. Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",6);arrFiles[30]=new Array(31,"Project%20highlights/well%20intervention.html","18 Jul 2010","Mercury in Gas Well Intervention","mercury decontamination, well intervention, downhole tool decontamination, coiled tubing, mercury in wellbore fluids","Mercury Decontamination of Downhole Tools","Gas Well Intervention MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : PROJECT HIGHLIGHTS 2007 Well Intervention Monitoring and Decontamination 2007 - PSC and MTS provided mercurymonitoring and decontamination services for an offshore well interventionexercise. Equipment was characterized for surface mercury levels before andafter wellbore intrusion. Continuous monitoring for mercury vapor was applied toslick line and coiled tubing to determine segments requiring decontamination. Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[31]=new Array(32,"Information/Mercury%20Dime.html","25 Jul 2010","Mercury Dime","mercury, mercury dime, mercury coin","Mercury Dime","Mercury Dime MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury Dime The “Mercury” dime does not depict the winged	messenger of Roman mythology. The figure is a depiction of the goddess Liberty	wearing a Phrygian cap, with its	wings intended to symbolize freedom of thought. Designed by sculptor	Adolph A. Weinman, the Winged Liberty Head dime is considered to be	one of the most beautiful U.S. coin designs ever produced. The composition	(90 percent silver, 10 percent copper) and diameter (17.9 millimeters) of	the Mercury dime was standard for U.S. dime coins until 1945. Weinman	studied under Augustus Saint-Gaudens and won a 1915 competition to design	the coin. Weinman may have modeled his version	of Liberty on Elsie Kachel Stevens, wife of noted poet Wallace Stevens. The	reverse design, a fasces juxtaposed with an olive branch,	symbolizes America \'s readiness for war, combined with its desire for peace. Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[32]=new Array(33,"Publications/crude_quality.html","25 Jul 2010","Impact of Mercury on Crude Oil Quality","mercury in crude oil, mercury detection, mercury control, mercury detection and control, mecury removal, mercury in refinery, mercury in hydrocarbon","Impact of Mercury on Crude Oil Quality","Impact of Mercury on Crude Oil Quality MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Impact of Mercury on Crude Oil Quality Wilhelm, S. M., Impact of Mercury in Crude Oil on Refining, World Refining , Jan./Feb. 2003. ABSTRACT The trace amounts of mercury in crude oils affect their quality and price. Measuring the concentrations of critical mercury species in oil requires rigorous analytical methods. Predicting the expected amounts in products requires information on how mercury compounds distribute in refining processes. Mercury in crude oil above certain limits can be problematic to refining operations. Mercury poisons catalysts and reduces the quality of refined products. Environmental impacts are also important because running mercury-laden crudes can produce wastewater and solid waste streams having mercury concentrations that exceed regulatory limits. Refiners have the need to know exactly how much mercury is in the refinery crude diet to allow blending to acceptable limits or to develop contingencies. Attaching a certain range to the concentration of mercury in a purchased crude oil is not an easy task and significant errors can be encountered that can produce negative impacts on refinery operations and profitability. In the past, special efforts were required to measure mercury concentrations in crude oil accurately and it was seldom included in the list of metals known to be specifically harmful to refining. The specialized equipment and expertise necessary to perform accurate determinations of the concentration of mercury in crude oil often were not readily available. Previously it was not well known that crude oil samples in metal cans lose mercury due to amalgamation with the can \'s tin plating thus yielding lower than actual amounts when the oil was analyzed. Analytical methods and sampling techniques have now improved thus providing better data and a more complete understanding of how mercury in crude oil distributes in production, transportation and processing systems. Because mercury \'s negative impact on catalysts and refined products has become more apparent, refiners now scrutinize mercury content of purchased crude oils more closely. Order the entire paper Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 3010 - Mercury Technology, Services, All rights reserved",6);arrFiles[33]=new Array(34,"Publications/DMHg.html","25 Jul 2010","Mercury in methanol","Dimethylmercury, methylmercury, mercury in methanol, methanol","Mercury in methanol","Dimethylmercury in Methanol MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Occurrence of Dimethylmercury ((CH 3 ) 2 Hg) in Organic Solvents Liang, L., Wilhelm, S. M., Pang, P., Occurrence of Dimethylmercury ((CH 3 ) 2 Hg) in Organic Solvents, Materials and Geoenvironment , Vol. 51 (2), 1968-1971 (2004). ABSTRACT A highly volatile and toxic mercury species, (CH 3 ) 2 Hg, was found in a newly opened 4 L methanol reagent bottle. The compound was identified using three technically independent methods, independent standards, and quantified to be 75 µg/L (as Hg in (CH 3 ) 2 Hg). Some commonly used organic solvents such as toluene, methylene dichloride, isopropanol, and many crude oil samples have been found to contain Hg fractions with behavior similar to the volatilization of (CH 3 ) 2 Hg. This finding raises the questions: Is the occurrence of (CH 3 ) 2 Hg rare or common? and In addition to man-made, is (CH 3 ) 2 Hg naturally occurring in natural gases and/or crude oil? Note from author S. Mark Wilhelm: The identification of dimethylmercury (DMHg) as a contaminant in methanol is certainly an interesting observation. It is very unlikely that all methanol contains DMHg. In fact, checks of other methanol sources at Cebam did not reveal measurable quantities. Presently we are pursuing the manufacturer to reveal the source of the particular bottle of methanol that was contaminated but without success so far. Finding 75+ ppb of DMHg in methanol does beg the question as to how it came to be there. My guess is that it came from a contaminated feed to a reformer, most likely mercury in naphtha or LPG, but possibly methane as well. Methanol is made a variety of ways but the vast majority of commercial methanol is made from synthesis gas. Syngas is produced by steam reforming of methane, LPG or naphtha to produce a mixture H 2 , CO, CO 2 , and water. In steam reforming of natural gas, methane and steam are combined in a reactor with a catalyst (Ni) at a temperature between 700 and 1100 C and at 10 to 50 bar pressure. Methanol is made from purified syngas in tubular reactors packed with catalyst (many commercial types but Cu/ZnO on alumina typically). The overall reaction is CO + 2H 2 ↔ CH 3 OH. Methanol synthesis reactors operate at temperatures between 250 and 350 C and at 30-100 bar. If the mercury in methanol came from the the syngas, then it existed in the feed to the reformer as either elemental mercury or as DMHg. The catalytic dissociation of hydrocarbon to make syngas would dissociate any DMHg that might be present in the feed. Whatever mercury that exits the syngas reactor would certainly be in elemental form given the reducing atmosphere (hydrogen) and very elevated temperature. It seems much more likely that the methanol synthesis reaction methylates elemental mercury rather than for DMHg to survive the process of methane reformation to syngas and syngas reaction to methanol. All of this assumes, of course, that the methanol in question came from a conventional petrochemical process and was not contaminated in purification steps. Naphtha and LPG containing trace amounts of mercury are fairly common. Investigations of mercury in petrochemical manufacture have identified mercury in feeds to crackers in several instances. In Asia, mercury in chemical grade naphtha has a specification limit of 1 ppb because of its deleterious effect on hydrogenation catalysts and cryogenic equipment. Mercury in crude oil distills preferentially to LPG and naphtha cuts. While it is believed that most mercury in LPG and naphtha is elemental, it is by no means certain that this is the case. In fact, in the rare circumstance that mercury speciation of naphtha has been attempted (Tao, H.; Murakami, T.; Tominaga, M.; Miyazaki, A., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1998, 13, 1085H) dialkylmercury is the dominant species (no Hg 0 found!) detected in two condensate naphtha samples tested. The origins of the samples in Tao \'s study are not revealed, unfortunately. Order the entire paper Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",8);arrFiles[34]=new Array(35,"Publications/oil.html","25 Jul 2010","Mercury in Petroleum","mercury in petroleum, mercury in oil, mercury in gas, mercury corrosion","Mercury in Petroleum","Mercury in Petroleum MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury in Petroleum Wilhelm, S. M. and Bloom, N., Mercury in Petroleum, Fuel Processing Technology , March (2000). ABSTRACT The understanding of the chemistry of geologic mercury has evolved due to technical advances that allow differentiation of the various chemical forms of mercury in hydrocarbon matrices. Newly developed techniques can measure the concentration of mercury and mercury compounds in some hydrocarbon matrices to better than 1 part in 10 10 . Accurate determinations of total mercury and speciation of mercury compounds depend on sophisticated sampling techniques and rigorous analytical procedures. The chemical species that are present in oil and gas condensates include several that are seldom accounted for in routine analytical methodology. Although only limited amounts of data are presently available, it appears that the distribution of mercury compounds in petroleum samples varies widely. The types of mercury compounds found in liquid hydrocarbons depend on the sample source and history and include classes of compounds that have specific negative effects on people, equipment and catalysts. Crude oil and unprocessed gas condensates can contain significant amounts of suspended mercury compounds, mostly mercuric sulfide. Also found in raw produced liquids are organic mercury compounds that partition to particular product streams in distillations and separations. Ionic mercury compounds are present in significant proportions in liquids but it is not known if they are abundant naturally or if they exist due to post-collection conversion of other mercury species. Detection and quantification of dialkylmercury in liquid hydrocarbons have been accomplished analytically but only limited data are available concerning their prevalence in petroleum and processed fuels. The recent understanding of the toxicology of dialkylmercury identifies this class of compounds as a potential health hazard to those exposed to gas condensate and oil, but hard evidence of exact concentrations is needed to support the hypothesis of possible risk. Mercury removal systems that employ sorbents to capture mercury in feeds to gas and liquid hydrocarbon processes do not work effectively on all chemical forms of mercury. Suspended (colloidal) forms, such as mercuric sulfide, evade capture by sorbent beds and organic mercury compounds are captured to varying degrees depending upon sorbent chemistry. Understanding the reaction of chemisorbents with each the various species that are present in feeds is essential to the design of mercury removal systems. Mercury is universally detrimental petroleum processing systems. In gas processing, mercury damages equipment and fouls cryogenic heat exchangers. In chemical manufacturing and refining, mercury poisons catalysts and becomes a component of waste water, thus impacting regulatory compliance. Contamination of primary gas treatment systems (amine and glycol) and accumulation of toxic sludge deposits in separators generate waste streams that are difficult to dispose of. Maintenance workers in the petroleum industry can be at risk due to inhalation of mercury vapor and dermal absorption of organic mercury compounds unless proper precautions are implemented. Request a copy Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",7);arrFiles[35]=new Array(36,"Publications/concept.html","25 Jul 2010","Conceptual Design of Mercury Removal Systems","mercury design, mercury removal design, mercury detection, mecury removal","Conceptual Design of Mercury Removal Systems","Conceptual	Design of Mercury Removal Systems MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Conceptual Design of Mercury Removal Systems for Hydrocarbon Liquids in Gas Processing Facilities Wilhelm, S. M., Conceptual Design of Mercury Removal Systems for Hydrocarbon Liquids, Hydrocarbon Processing , April (1999). ABSTRACT Mercury removal systems for hydrocarbon liquids in primary gas processing facilities are used to reduce the concentration of mercury and mercury compounds in liquid products (C3, C4, C5+) to very low levels (less than 0.1 ppb). Projects to design and install such systems represent a major capital investment and it is useful to have a thorough review and documentation of all design considerations prior to embarking on the detailed design effort. Several mercury removal systems for liquids are commercially available but performance is sometimes difficult to predict because very few commercial applications have been documented. It is essential to eliminate mercury from plant products because they are used as feeds to numerous types of chemical manufacturing plants where mercury has a pronounced negative impact on equipment and catalysts. Because of the detrimental influence of mercury and mercury compounds on downstream consumers, many gas plants are finding it necessary to retrofit existing plants with mercury removal systems for liquids in addition to those that may be present for gas. To design a mercury removal system to a given set of criteria for mercury concentration in plant products, it is essential to understand the concentrations, distribution and mobility of mercury and organic mercury compounds in the existing process. Computer models can be used to predict mercury distribution in the plant process. The concentration of mercury in plant feeds and products must be known to a high degree of accuracy to verify model predictions. Likewise, assessment of mercury removal system performance requires extremely accurate chemical analysis capabilities for both elemental and organic mercury compounds in a liquid hydrocarbon matrix. Several possible process locations should be critically examined for suitability for mercury removal systems. Commonly considered process locations for liquids include the main liquid feeds to the plant (or train), the existing dehydrators and treaters, the overheads of the debutanizers and depropanizers and the common product (propane, butane, condensate) lines from the plant. The conceptual design exercise examines process locations for mercury removal systems and compares them with consideration of technical and practical limitations. Removal system chemistry is examined for its ability to work effectively for the hydrocarbon feed at candidate process locations, for its capacity (bed life) and for its ability to function in the presence of contaminants. Pilot plant data are useful, if not essential, to making sound decisions. Economic considerations include the cost of equipment, the replacement cost of the sorbent and the plant maintenance costs associated with mercury waste generated in conjunction with the removal system and sludge (containing mercury) which accumulates in equipment located upstream of the mercury removal system. Order the entire paper Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",7);arrFiles[36]=new Array(37,"Publications/cold_box.html","25 Jul 2010","Inspection and Remediation of Cryogenic Heat Exchangers in Gas Processing Facilities","mercury, mercury detection, mercury control, mercury detection and control, cold box, liquid metal embrittlement, mercury and ethylene, heat exchanger, aluminium, LNG, mercury LME, mercury offshore, mercury olefins, Hg, LPG","Inspection and Remediation of Cryogenic Heat Exchangers in Gas Processing Facilities","Inspection and Remediation of Cryogenic Heat Exchangers in Gas Processing Facilities MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Inspection and Remediation of Cryogenic Heat Exchangers in Gas Processing Facilities S. Mark Wilhelm, Ph.D. Mercury Technology Services ABSTRACT Plant shutdown and equipment inspection activities were undertaken to identify the cause of a high pressure differential in the primary cryogenic heat exchanger (cold box) in a major gas processing facility. Action was required because a process upset had occurred in which potassium carbonate from the Benfield acid gas removal unit carried over into downstream equipment and deposited in the cold box in some unknown quantity. The presence of mercury in plant feeds and the intermittent performance of mercury removal equipment suggested the possibility of mercury deposition in the aluminum heat exchanger. Assessment of mercury deposition in the cold box was accomplished using a computational model and by monitoring the concentration of mercury in warm up gas exiting the cold box. The plan to eliminate the flow restriction consisted of inspection of the cold box using radiography and visual (videoscope) observations, followed by a cleaning procedure. The remediation plan called for use of nitrogen back flow, solvent circulation and possibly a water flush depending upon the results of the inspection. A main concern was that any cleaning exercise would cause cracking of the susceptible welds in the cold box. Assessment of the risk of cracking depended in large part upon the results of the radiographic inspection in which susceptible locations were examined to determine if mercury has accumulated adjacent to susceptible welds. The main contingencies for cracking were cold box repair and/or replacement. The radiographic investigation discovered mercury in critically susceptible locations adjacent to welds having microstructures prone to cracking in the presence of mercury. The visual inspection using the videoscope identified the cause of the blockage as potassium carbonate deposition having the appearance of a dry cake-like material that was estimated to block 40 to 50 percent of the total flow path in the feed gas pass of the cold box. Risk Assessments of Cryogenic Equipment Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",6);arrFiles[37]=new Array(38,"Publications/waste.html","25 Jul 2010","Generation and Disposal of Petroleum Processing Waste That Contains Mercury","mercury waste, mecury removal, disposal of mercury waste, mercury waste disposal, mercury decontamination","Generation and Disposal of Petroleum Processing Waste That Contains Mercury","Generation and Disposal of Petroleum Processing Waste That Contains	Mercury MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Generation and Disposal of Petroleum Processing Waste That Contains Mercury Wilhelm, S. M., Generation and Disposal of Petroleum Processing Waste That Contains Mercury, Environmental Progress, June (1999). ABSTRACT The origins and fate of mercury found in hydrocarbons are discussed from the perspective of waste minimization, treatment and disposal. Mercury is a common and naturally occurring component of petroleum. Petroleum processing often is accompanied by generation of waste streams that contain some mercury. These waste streams become problematic when the mercury concentration in process feeds exceeds a few ppb because of the highly toxic nature of mercury. Waste is minimized by mercury removal systems that are now prevalent for many processes, but the main incentive to employ such systems is to protect equipment and catalysts. The removal systems have varied waste disposal consequences depending on their chemical properties and process location. Absent mercury removal systems, mercury contamination results in sludge, sediments, contaminated treatment fluids and a variety of other waste streams that must be carefully controlled, segregated and treated for disposal. Waste containing mercury is characterized by chemical analysis that is capable of speciating the various forms of mercury and mercury compounds so as to be able to select treatment and disposal options. In many locations where the mercury concentration in process feeds is high, treatment systems for mercury are not readily available resulting in storage of toxic material for long periods of time. Both chemical and thermal treatment systems are commercially available, but access to cost effective treatment is extremely limited in the petroleum industry. Order the entire paper Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",6);arrFiles[38]=new Array(39,"Publications/mercury_species.html","25 Jul 2010","Identification and Properties of Mercury Species in Crude Oil","mercury properties, mercury in crude oil, asphaltene mercury, dimethylmercury","Identification and Properties of Mercury Species in Crude Oil","Identification and Properties of Mercury Species in Crude Oil MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Identification and Properties of Mercury Species in Crude Oil Wilhelm, S. M., Liang, L., Kirchgessner, D., Identification and Properties of Mercury Species in Crude Oil, Energy and Fuel, ACS, in press. ABSTRACT The identities and properties of mercury species in crude oil were investigated. Dimethylmercury (DMHg) and elemental mercury (Hg 0 ) were independently quantified as volatile species evaporated from a single crude oil using selective trapping. The fugacities and Henry \'s law constants of Hg 0 and DMHg in toluene were determined by measuring concentrations in vapor/liquid equilibrium over a range of temperatures. Of the two, elemental mercury, as a dissolved species in the two-phase toluene liquid/vapor systems, has the higher fugacity and Henry \'s constant. Non-volatile forms of mercury associated with asphaltenes were identified using differential solubility methods. Asphaltene mercury was found to be a significant fraction of the total mercury concentration in the crude oils that were examined. The newly developed analytical protocols have assisted empirical models of mercury distribution in gas and petroleum processing. Request a copy Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",5);arrFiles[39]=new Array(40,"Services/pipeline_services.html","18 Jul 2010","Mercury Technology Services - Pipeline Services","mercury in pipelines, pipeline services, mercury contamination of pipelines, mercury corrosion of pipelines","Mercury Technology Services - Pipeline Services","Mercury Technology Services - Pipeline Services MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Pipeline Services Pipelines that carry fluids that contain mercury can become contaminated over time and thus require special attention. The interactions of mercury with pipe surfaces affects worker health and safety strategies and impacts operational procedures. MTS provides advice and strategies for management of pipelines that may contain mercury. Welding mercury contaminated steel piping Reactions of mercury with pipe surfaces Impact of mercury on pipeline corrosion and corrosion inhibition Distribution of mercury and mercury compounds in multi-phase flow Prediction of mercury scavenging in new pipelines Decommissioning contaminated lines Pigging procedures and managing pigging waste Cleaning lines to remove mercury Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 1996-2007 Mercury Technology All rights reserved ::Website Designed by SEO Services Thailand",5);arrFiles[40]=new Array(41,"Risk_Analysis/Aluminum_Heat_Exchangers.html","2 Jul 2010","Mercury Risk to Cryogenic Equipment","risk analysis, mercury risk, aluminum, cold box risk, liquid metal embrittlement, ethylene risk, heat exchanger, aluminium LME risk, olefins heat exchanger, Hg risk, LPG cold box","Mercury Risk to Cryogenic Equipment","Risk Analysis - Cryogenic Equipment MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Risk Analysis - Cryogenic Equipment MTS is the world \'s leading company to provide analysis of risk involved with operation of aluminum equipment contaminated by mercury. The risk analysis incorporates MTS experience gained from failure analysis, equipment inspections and process modeling over the past 15 years. MTS provides advice and opinions on fitness for service, failure avoidance and related topics and details specific technical information: Deposition of mercury in cryogenic equipment. Prediction of amount and location. Metallurgical and corrosion interactions between mercury and aluminum. Aluminum heat exchanger mercury-induced failure modes and locations. Options for cleaning heat exchangers to remove mercury. Operational procedures to minimize risks of AHX failure including plant shutdown and startup procedures. Inspection procedures for contaminated equipment. Repair procedures for brazed plate-fin heatexchangers. NDT evaluations. Pressure test procedures. Health, safety and environmental issues. Fabrication of equipment to resist mercury attack. Mercury removal beds, their function and chemistry. Sorbent options. Methods to measure mercury in gas and used to evaluate sorbent bed function. Industry experience and statistics. Liquid Metal Embrittlement of Aluminum Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 Mercury Technology All rights reserved",6);arrFiles[41]=new Array(42,"Services/decon.html","1 Aug 2010","Mercury Decontamination Services","mercury decontamination, mercury decon services, mercury decontamination services, mercury control, mercury removal","Mercury Decontamination Services","Mercury Decontamination Services MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Equipment Decontamination MTS provides mercury decontamination services to petroleum production, processing and petrochemical manufacturing facilities. MTS has extensive experience to remove mercury from process equipment so as to eliminate worker exposure to mercury vapor and to restore equipment to normal operating function. Decontamination is accomplished using a variety of chemical and physical methods, each designed to be cost effective with minimal waste production. MTS specializes inassessment and decontamination of aluminum cryogenic equipment to prevent mercury corrosion and cracking. Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: Hg	Info	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[42]=new Array(43,"Services/design%20services.html","18 Jul 2010","Mercury Design Services","mercury design services, mercury control, mercury detection and control, mecury removal, mercury removal naphtha, mercury removal condensate, mercury removal syn gas, mercury removal cracker gas","Mercury Removal Design Services","Mercury Technology Services - Mercury Removal Design Services MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Conceptual Design Services MTS provides conceptual design services for mercury removal systems. Servicesinclude selection of sorbent technology, selection of optimal process location,selection of peripheral equipment (filters, coalescers, monitoring controls) andprocess modifications. MTS specializes in non-routine applications: offshore mercury removal High H 2 S and CO 2	streams Cracker gas, syn gas Raw condensate Gas near dew points High mercury feed Systems for very low	treatment levels (ng/Sm 3 ) Wet naphtha Mercury removal from glycol Produced Water Crude Oil Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 1996-2007 Mercury Technology All rights reserved ::Website Designed by SEO Services Thailand",5);arrFiles[43]=new Array(44,"Services/refinery_services.html","18 Jul 2010","Mercury Technology Services - Refinery Services","mercury in refining, mercury removal from naphtha, mercury analytical services, mercury in sulfur, mercury in LPG, mercury mass balance, mercury in refinery effluents","Mercury Technology Services - Refinery Services","Mercury Technology Services - Refinery Services MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Make Your Refinery Mercury-Proof Mercury can have major detrimental impacts on many refinery processes. Process and procedural modifications can lessen or eliminate these impacts. MTS works with refineries around the world to understand how mercury in the crude diet distributes in refinery unit processes. Projects to mitigate mercury \'s impact include modeling mercury in distillations, desalter optimization, design of mercury removal systems for intermediate streams and products (LPG, LVN, SRN), design of wastewater treatment systems and predicting catalyst interactions. For additional information Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 1996-2007 Mercury Technology All rights reserved ::Website Designed by SEO Services Thailand",5);arrFiles[44]=new Array(45,"Services/training.html","18 Jul 2010","Mercury Detection and Control - Mercury Technology Services","mercury, mercury detection, mercury control, mercury detection and control, mecury removal, refinery, hydrocarbon, petroleum, oil, gas, corrosion, aluminum, cold box, liquid metal embrittlement, ethylene, heat exchanger, aluminium, LNG, LME, offshore, ol","Mercury Technology Services is a private consulting company, incorporated in 1985 in Texas (USA). MTS assist clients to solve problems related to mercury as found in industrial processes.","Mercury Detection and Control - Mercury Technology Services - Specialists in Mercury Detection, Control and Removal Services. MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Training and Support MTS provides on-site training for workers involved with activities that involve exposure to mercury. Such services include instruction on personal protection, proper procedures for packaging and transportation of waste, detection and measurement of mercury vapor, sampling and analysis of feedstocks and inspection of equipment. MTS also can supply trained contract labor to provide these services. MTS constructs written manuals and training documents concerning health and safety of workers that may come in contact with mercury in the workplace. Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 1996-2007 Mercury Technology All rights reserved ::Website Designed by SEO Services Thailand",5);arrFiles[45]=new Array(46,"Services/legal.html","19 Jul 2010","S Mark Wilhelm, Expert Testimony and Legal Services","mercury detection, aluminum equipment, liquid metal embrittlement, mercury control, mercury detection and control, mecury removal, S Mark Wilhelm, Expert Testimony, Legal Services, mercury in hydrocarbons","Mercury Technology Services, S Mark Wilhelm, Expert Testimony and Legal Services","S Mark Wilhelm, Expert Testimony and Legal Services MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Legal Services The principal scientist of MTS ( Dr. S. Mark Wilhelm ) provides expert testimony concerning mercuryin hydrocarbons, remediation of mercury contamination and interactions ofmercury and materials of construction. Dr. Wilhelm has a unique perspective on mercury due to his experience as both a research scientist and as a provider of industrial services. Expert opinions, depositions and expert testimony: demolition of a thermometer factory (1996) remediation of mercury-contaminated residences (2001) remediation of a mercury lamp factory (2000) remediation of contaminated residence (2002) quality of oil containing mercury (2003) mercury spill in high school (2004) impact of mercury in gas on plant design (2005) equipment failure (2006) Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 1996-2007 Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",5);arrFiles[46]=new Array(47,"Services/waste.html","18 Jul 2010","Mercury Technology Services - Mercury Waste Disposal and Processing","mercury waste, mercury waste processing, mercury waste transport, mercury waste disposal, mercury waste recycle, mercury waste characterization, waste containing mercury","Mercury Technology Services - Mercury Waste Disposal and Processing","Mercury Technology Services - Mercury Waste Disposal and Processing MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Waste Disposal and Processing MTS advises clients on all aspects of mercury waste storage and treatment for disposal . Treatment for disposal options include both thermal and chemical processes. Selection of disposal option is tailored to the client \'s particular waste stream with an emphasis on liability minimization at lowest cost. MTS provides inventory and waste characterization services to assist clients to estimate disposal cost. Process modifications are often recommended to reduce the volume of mercury waste streams in a particular industrial setting Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 1996-2007 Mercury Technology All rights reserved ::Website Designed by SEO Services Thailand",5);arrFiles[47]=new Array(48,"Services/analysis.html","1 Aug 2010","Mercury Analytical Services","mercury detection, third party, mercury laboratory, mecury smpling, mercury analysis, mercury analytical services","Mercury - Analytical Services","Mercury Analytical Services MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury Analytical Services MTS provides third party independent data analysis and verification servicesfor critical applications. MTS has over 20 years experience in working withmercury analytical laboratories around the world and has participated innumerous analytical projects including: Mercury mapping in offshore production	facilities. Determination of mercury distribution in	refineries and petrochemical processes. MRU (mercury removal unit) performance	verification. Low level testing in pipelines Mercury speciation Verification of analytical data using	thermodynamic calculations litigation and dispute resolution MTS does not provide commerciallaboratory - based analytical services. We are a completely independent sourceof advice on analytical issues. Analytical datafor mercury in hydrocarbons. Asphaltene and dialkylmercury AppraisalWell Mercury Measurements Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",5);arrFiles[48]=new Array(49,"Services/materials.html","18 Jul 2010","Mercury Technology Services - Materials Selection for Mercury Environments","liquid mercury environment,liquid metal embrittlement, materials selection, corrosion by mercury, alloy selection, resist mercury attack, mercury attack, coatings to reist mercury","Mercury Technology Services - Materials Selection for Mercury Environments","Mercury Technology Services - Materials Selection for Mercury	Environments MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Materials Selection for Process Environments MTS assists companies to select materials to resist degradation due to mercury in process streams. Dr. Wilhelm has over 20 years experience in the investigation of the effects of mercury on materials and conducts research on the interactions of mercury with engineering materials. Projects include: Materials selection in gas processing (LPG) to resist condensed mercury Tubing hanger seals for production of gas containing mercury Effects of mercury and methanol on aluminum corrosion Corrosion of carbon steel in glycol containing mercury LME of aluminum and monel Effect of mercury in multi-phase flow on martensitic steels Integrity of pipelines contaminated by mercury Research in progress is examining the effects of mercury in natural gas on pipeline corrosion, cracking of Monel 400 distillation tower linings and mercury cracking of brass propane valves. More on mercury corrosion. Wilhelm, S. M., Galvanic Corrosion of Steel in Pipelines Containing	Elemental Liquid Elemental Mercury, J. Corr. Sci. and Eng., in press 2008. Wilhelm, S. M., “Risk Analysis for Operation ofAluminum Heat Exchangers Contaminated by Mercury”, Proceedings of AICHE SpringMeeting, Global Congress on Process Safety, New Orleans, April 2008. Wilhelm, S. M., Methods to Combat Liquid Metal Embrittlement by Mercury in Cryogenic Aluminum Heat Exchangers, GPA, Proceedings 73rd GPA Convention, March (1994). Wilhelm, S. M., Effect of Mercury on Materials in Ammonia Plants. Proceedings AIChE Ammonia Safety Symposium, San Diego (1990). Wilhelm, S. M. and R. D. Kane, Use of Slow Strain Tests to Evaluate the Embrittlement of Aluminum and Stainless Alloys in Process Environments Containing Mercury, in Slow Strain Rate Testing for Evaluation of Environmentally Induced Cracking, R.D. Kane ed., ASTM STP 1210 (1993). Wilhelm, S. M., Removal and Treatment of Mercury Contamination at Gas Processing Facilities; Proceedings SPE/EPA Exploration and Production Environmental Conference; Houston, March (1995). More Materials Publications Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 1996-2007 Mercury Technology All rights reserved ::Website Designed by SEO Services Thailand",7);arrFiles[49]=new Array(50,"Services/Hg%20distribution.html","1 Jul 2010","Mercury Distribution - Mercury Technology Services","mercury distribution, mercury partition, vapor liquid equilibrium, petrochemical process","Calculation of Mercury Distribution","Mercury Technology Services - Mercury Distribution in Petrochemical Processes MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury Distribution MTS has developed extensive experience to determine the fate of mercury and other metals (arsenic, selenium) in processes. Using both empirical and computational models, the partitioning of mercury form inlet feeds to effluents and products has been determined in a variety of industrial processes including: Refineries Gas separation Ethylene, Olefins Ammonia Mining Waste Incineration Pipelines The key to determination of the distribution of mercury in industrial processes is the understanding of the species of mercury present in process feeds and the chemical reactions that take place as mercury traverses the process pathways. MTS has conducted detailed research investigations of the chemical reactions of mercury in processes including: Reactions of mercury with steel in pipelines and process piping Formation and thermal stability of mercury sulfides and selenides Speciation of mercury in hydrocarbons Evaporation of elemental mercury Speciation and partitioning of mercury in wastewater Mercury vapor - liquid equilibrium Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 Mercury Technology All rights reserved",5);arrFiles[50]=new Array(51,"Services/Industrial_Services.html","1 Aug 2010","Mercury Technology Services - Mercury Decontamination Services","mercury, mercury detection, mercury control, mercury detection and control, mecury removal, mercury decon, mercury decontamination, mercury industrial services","Mercury Technology Services - Mercury Decontamination Services","Mercury Technology Services - Mercury Decontamination Services MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury Decontamination Services MTS works with companies around the world to decontaminate process equipment, tanks, vessels, pipelines, process piping and heat exchangers. Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010, Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[51]=new Array(52,"Services/offshore_design.html","19 Jul 2010","Mercury Technology Services - Offshore Conceptual Design ","mercury process design, hydrocarbon processing for mercury, conceptual design mercury, offshore process design, equipment selection for mercury, process modeling","Mercury Technology Services - Offsore Conceptual Design Services","Mercury Technology Services - Offshore Conceptual Design	Services MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Offshore Processes Conceptual Design to Mitigate the Effects of Mercury in Oil and Gas It is now possible to design offshore production facilities to minimize the impact of mercury in produced fluids on people, equipment and the environment. MTS assists companies to select process components, materials and process configurations that allow safe and efficient production of oil and gas that may contain mercury. Using proprietary computational models to predict mercury accumulation in equipment and concentrations in process streams, the process design can be optimized to prevent equipment degradation, worker exposure and to improve product quality. MTS has experience with glycol and mol-siv dehydration units, membrane CO 2 removal units, separators, chillers, coalescer filters, rotating equipment and a variety of other equipment and process systems. In addition, MTS recommends procedures to identify and quantify mercury in produced fluids such that mercury removal systems for produced water, gas streams and liquid hydrocarbon streams can be selected. Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",5);arrFiles[52]=new Array(53,"Risk_Analysis/Risk_Analyses.html","2 Jul 2010","Mercury Risk Analysis","risk analysis, mercury in fertlizer, mercury risk to cryogenic, mercury risk to gas production","Mercury Risk Analysis","Risk Analysis - Mercury in Industrial Processes MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Risk Analysis MTS performs risk analyses concerning mercury and its impact on individuals and materials. Liquefied Petroleum Gas Pipelines Natural Gas Production Cryogenic Equipment Liquefied Natural Gas Fertilizer Olefins Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[53]=new Array(54,"Services/consulting.html","18 May 2010","Mercury Consulting","mercury detection, mercury control, mercury detection and control, mecury removal, mercury consulting, consulting services for mercury","Mercury Consulting","Mercury Technology Services - Consulting Services MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Consulting Companies that produce or process gas containing mercury or that encounter mercury contamination in chemical processesoften need assistance to identify risks so as to reduce potential liabilities. MTS routinely advises companies on air or effluent monitoring, methods to remove mercury from feed stocks, equipment decontamination, equipment assessment (fitness for service), sampling and analysis of feed stocks and products, and waste disposal methods. MTS assists companies to develop technologies, operating procedures and contingency plans to prevent worker exposure, equipment degradation and waste accumulation. MTS has developed computational models to predict mercury accumulation in gas processing equipment. The models are based upon vapor pressure and solubility data for elemental and organic mercury in liquid hydrocarbons. The models predict the rate, amount and location of mercury accumulation in process equipment and are used to identify contaminated equipment and product loads. Based on model predictions, operating and maintenance procedures for can be designed to prevent equipment degradation, worker exposure and to improve product quality. MTS assists companies to develop processes for mercury removal andsequestration, to design and implement research programs, to evaluate productsand to implement cost effective solutions. Offshore Platforms Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 1996-2007 Mercury Technology All rights reserved",5);arrFiles[54]=new Array(55,"Services/crude_oil.html","19 Jul 2010","Mercury Technology Services - Mercury Removal Services","mercury removal from crude oil, mercury removal, mercury in crude oil, mercury removal from petroleum, mercury in petroleum","Mercury Technology Services - Mercury Removal Services","Mercury Technology Services -	Mercury Removal Services MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury Removal from Crude Oil MTS is currently involved in several projects involving mercury removal from crude oil and heavy condensates. Commercially available sorbent systems that remove mercury from light liquids are not applicable to heavier feeds, including crude feeds to refineries and heavy raw liquids to gas processing facilities. The technical challenge is to segregate mercury in such a fashion that it is unavailable to adversely affect chemical processes. The focus of current projects is to understand the distribution of mercury species in separations, desalting and distillations. Chemical treatments are under development that can be applied to particular steams to accomplish species conversion and removal, while not degrading hydrocarbon quality. For additional information Other mercury removal services Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology All rights reserved",5);arrFiles[55]=new Array(56,"SMW/SMW_resume.html","18 Jul 2010","Resume and Curriculum Vitae - S Mark Wilhelm","Resume and Curriculum Vitae, S Mark Wilhelm, Mark Wilhelm, S M Wilhelm","Resume and Curriculum Vitae - S Mark Wilhelm","Resume and Curriculum Vitae - S Mark Wilhelm MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : S. Mark Wilhelm, Ph.D. Mercury Technology Services 23014 Lutheran Church Road Tomball, Texas 77375 USA Telephone: 281 255 3775 Cell: 713 261 3154 E-mail: smw@hgtech.com Professional Experience Dr. Wilhelm is an internationally recognized scientist having special expertise on metal contamination in petroleum and petrochemical processes and on the environmental pollution deriving from metals in petroleum and natural gas. Dr. Wilhelm has served in an advisory capacity for numerous major energy and petrochemical companies, industry groups and the U.S. Government. He consults with companies worldwide on matters related to mercury in hydrocarbons. In 1994, Dr. Wilhelm founded Mercury Technology Services, a private consulting firm, to provide process engineering and plant services to industrial clients. As President and Technical Manager for MTS, he designs and implements mercury removal processes, waste treatment systems and decontamination procedures for refineries, gas processing facilities and chemical plants. Dr. Wilhelm has over twenty years experience in consulting, research and project management. His technical activities are directed to solving problems related to metal contamination, predicting the fate of mercury in petrochemical processes and preventing environmental pollution. His research activities are directed to understanding the distribution of metals in distillations and separations. He has written extensively on the origins and fate of mercury in natural gas and petroleum. Prior to founding Mercury Technology Services, Dr. Wilhelm served as Division Manager for Cortest Laboratories where he provided contract research services for clients worldwide. He has served as program manager and principle investigator for projects funded by U.S. DOE, U.S. EPA, Gas Research Institute, American Petroleum Institute and the National Petrochemical and Refiners Association. He also has held positions with Battelle Memorial Institute and Exxon Production Research Company. Since 1980, Dr. Wilhelm has been engaged as Research Associate in the Department of Chemistry of Rice University where he participates in basic chemical research in the laboratory of Professor Norman Hackerman . His academic research interests involve the electrochemistry of metals and surface oxidation phenomena. Education and Recognition 1975 - B. S., Chemistry, University of Texas (Arlington) 1979 - M. A., Chemistry, Rice University 1979 - Ph. D., Chemistry, Rice University 1978 - Collin Fink Award, Electrochemical Society 1979 - Sigma Xi 1989 - Sam Tour Award, ASTM 1988 - Distinguished Author, SPE Professional and Technical Affiliations American Chemical Society American Institute of Chemical Engineers Society of Petroleum Engineers Air and Waste Management Association National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE International) Former member, Electrochemical Society (ECS) Former member, American Society for Metals (ASM) Former member, Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Former member, American Society for Testing of Materials (ASTM) Former member, NACE Committee T-1, T-2, T-3, T-1F, T-1G, T-2E, T-3A, and T-1F9 Past Chairman, NACE Committee T-1F-9, Test Methods for Sulfide Stress Cracking Past Chairman, NACE Committee T-2E, Geothermal Corrosion Former member, ASTM Committee G-1, Corrosion Testing Chairman, High Alloy Completions Symposium, Offshore Technology Conference (1989) Employment Mercury Technology Services President and Technical Manager, 1995 to present Founded Mercury Technology Services in 1994 to provide consulting, remediation and process engineering services to government and industrial clients. Presently serving as project manager for U.S. EPA program investigating mercury in crude oil. Consultant to industry on matters related to equipment decontamination, process chemistry and methods to remove mercury from hydrocarbons and wastewater. Developer of computational methods to determine the fate of metals in petrochemical processes. Central Environmental, Inc. Program Manager, 1993 to 1994 Manager of development program sponsored by the Gas Research Institute directed at methods to remove mercury contamination in pipelines, refineries, gas plants and chemical processing equipment. Developed decontamination processes for equipment and waste streams. United Nations Consultant, 1988 to 1995 Consultant to developing nations in the areas of petroleum production, materials and process chemistry. Cortest Laboratories, Inc. (Intercorr International) Manager, Chemistry Division, 1984 to 1993 Manager of technical group (20 people) involved with corrosion research, process simulation, materials selection and product development. Directed and served as principle investigator for projects involving corrosion, electrochemistry and environmental degradation of materials. Consultant to clients in the petrochemical and petroleum industries on the effects of hydrogen sulfide and mercury on engineering materials. Developed treatment chemicals for corrosion prevention and environmental remediation. Battelle Memorial Institute Research Scientist, 1983 to 1984 Project manager and principle investigator for contract research on corrosion, environmental chemistry and materials selection. Developed electrochemical methods and equipment for engineering applications. Exxon Production Research Company Research Chemist, 1979 to 1983 Technical consultant and researcher on materials for oil and gas applications. Developed performance profiles on materials for deep sour gas well environments. Rice University, Department Of Chemistry Research Associate, 1979 to Present Concurrent with other employment, served as a research associate at Rice University with responsibility for the supervision of basic research on the semiconductor properties of surface oxides and the transport of hydrogen in metals and metal sulfides. Legal Expert opinions, depositions and expert testimony: Quality of crude oil containing mercury (2001) Remediation of mercury-contaminated residences (2001) Demolition of a thermometer factory (1996) Remediation of a mercury lamp factory (2000) Mercury spill in high school (2004) Process design (2006) Equipment failure (2008) Patents US Patent 5,238,488 - Process and Solution for Transforming Insoluble Mercury into a Soluble Compound. Project Experience Publications (mercury) Publications (materials) Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 1996-2007 Mercury Technology All rights reserved ::Website Designed by SEO Services Thailand",11);arrFiles[56]=new Array(57,"Information/Properties_of_Mercury.html","1 Aug 2010","Mercury Properties","mercury, Mercury Properties, mercury chemical properties","Mercury Properties","Mercury Technology Services -	Mercury Properties MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Properties of Mercury Symbol: Hg Atomic number: 80 Atomic weight: 200.59 (2) Group in periodic table: 12 Group name: Period in periodic table: 6 Block in periodic table: d-block CAS registry ID: 7439-97-6 Description Standard state: liquid at 298 K (the heaviest known elemental liquid)Colour: silvery white Physical Properties of Mercury Atomic Mass Average :	200.59 Boiling Point :	630 K	357° C	675° F Coefficient of lineal thermal expansion /K -1 :	181E -6 Conductivity Electrical:	0.0104 10 6 /cm Ω Thermal: 0.0834 W/cmK Density :	13.546g/cc @ 300K Description: Silver colored liquid	transition metal. Elastic Modulus: Bulk:	25/GPa Enthalpy of	Atomization: 61.5 kJ/mole @ 25°C Enthalpy of Fusion:	2.29 kJ/mole Enthalpy of	Vaporization: 56.9 kJ/mole Flammablity	Class: Noncombustible Liquid Freezing Point: see melting point Hardness Scale Mohs :	1.5 Heat of Vaporization :	59.229kJ/mol Melting Point :	234.43 K	-38.72° C	-37.7° F Molar Volume:	14.81 cm 3 /mole Optical Reflectivity:	73% Optical Refractive	Index: 1.000933 Physical State (at 20°C	& 1atm): Liquid Specific Heat :	0.139J/gK Vapor Pressure =	0.0002Pa@-38.72° C Mercury Data Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: Data :: Search	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",10);arrFiles[57]=new Array(58,"HSE/Health%20and%20Safety%20Page.html","23 Jul 2010","MTS Health and Safety Page","Health, Safety, Mercury, petrochemical workers","MTS Occupational Health and Safety","Mercury Technology Services - Pollution Prevention MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Health and Safety Health and Safety Elemental Mercury Dimethylmercury EPA Risk Analysis Treatment of Mercury Intoxication An Early Account of Intoxication Safety Issues for	Petrochemical Workers Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services. All rights reserved",5);arrFiles[58]=new Array(59,"Information/Hg_in_Texas.html","18 Jul 2010","Mercury Mining in Texas","mercury mining, mercury mines, Texas mercuy mines, cinnabar mines","Mercury Mining in Texas","Mercury Mining in Texas MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury in Texas MERCURY MINING Texas has considerable quantities of ore from which mercury may be produced. Historically, several distinct uses made the metal so indispensable in time of war that a belligerent without it was at the mercy of one with ample supplies. Possession or control of quicksilver resources was greatly desired by all nations, but it was obtainable in quantity in only a few. More recently, mercury has been used in electrical apparatus, dental preparations, fungicides, bactericides, and industrial instruments. In Texas all mercury mining has been done about ninety miles south of Alpine in Brewster and Presidio counties. The producing area, known as the Terlingua District, is the third-largest mercury-producing area in the United States. Mercury mining is done by sinking shafts and running drifts. Historically, the miners were mostly men of mixed Mexican and Indian blood who worked under technical supervision. Until World War II hand drilling and mucking as well as outmoded methods of refining ore were used; operators converted to modern methods to meet war requirements and high labor costs. Cinnabar, the brilliant red ore of mercury, was discovered and first worked in Texas by Indians, who probably used it as war paint and certainly used it in the paintings still to be seen on the rocks and bluffs of West Texas. In these paintings the deep red of cinnabar still shows brightly among the fading colors produced by other pigments. Cinnabar was probably an article of commerce among the Plains Indians, for Ferdinand von Roemer, who traversed the Comanche country in 1840, mentions trading a lasso for a small quantity. The first mention of the discovery of mercury by white men states that a sample was taken to Alpine, Texas, for identification in 1884. This event led to prospecting and additional discoveries, and the first flask of mercury was produced in 1886. (A flask of mercury is seventy-six pounds.) Desultory prospecting and production continued until 1898, when mining was started by what later became the Marfa and Mariposa Mining Company. By 1900 the company had produced about a thousand flasks by means of retorts. The Big Bend and Texas Almaden at Study Butte and the Chisos Mining Company at Terlingua began production in 1903, and the Chisos Company operated continuously for the next forty years. The Mariscal Mine near Hot Springs operated intermittently from 1916 to 1942. This property adjoined the Chisos mine, and both closed at the same time for lack of ore. The Fresno Mines at Buena Suerte began production in 1940; the discovery of the ore body there extended the Terlingua District approximately seven miles westward. The lode was the first paying deposit opened in forty years. Numerous small properties operated when the price of mercury was above normal. During both world wars, under the stimulus of patriotic endeavor and the inducement of high prices, the United States led in quicksilver production. From 1939 to 1945 at least five mines were active, but with the end of World War II supplies from war?impoverished countries, principally Spain, were dumped into world markets and created such an oversupply in the United States that Texas mines were abandoned by 1946. After the war Spain and Italy produced 70 percent of the world supplies, and this country produced 20 percent. No reliable records of mercury production in Texas before 1919 are extant. Production from 1919 to 1941 inclusive was 55,081 flasks. The Chisos Mining Company produced 39,094 flasks; the Rainbow Mine produced 8,087 flasks. The Big Bend and Texas Almaden produced 4,554 and 417 flasks, respectively. The Mariscal Mine produced 484 flasks from 1919 to 1923, and the Fresno Mines produced 540 flasks by the close of 1941. Nine other mines produced 1,905 flasks during the twenty?two years. In 1954 the federal government \'s price guarantee of 225 per flask and increased national consumption of mercury stimulated further recovery of mercury from cinnabar deposits around Terlingua, and the following year two Texas mines produced mercury for the open market. From 1955 to 1957 private interests and a company under federal contract conducted drilling operations without much success, while the establishment of thirty?ton rotary furnaces at Lone Star Mercury operations in 1956 made little difference in production. Texas?produced mercury continued to be insignificant, and in 1960 Texas and Arizona had a combined production of only 128 flasks out of the nation \'s total of 33,233. Mercury consumption in the United States reached 78,000 flasks in 1963, the highest in history, and the following year, mercury sold for the highest price in many years, 265 per flask. A 1963 Bureau of Mines survey of potential mercury resources, based on 1961 technology and production costs, indicated that the Texas mercury potential equaled 17,500 flasks. Diamond Shamrock Chemical Company, known as Diamond Alkali before its merger with Shamrock, leased mercury mineral rights on 28,000 acres near Terlingua and Study Butte in 1964. A price rise in mercury to 775 a flask led to considerable exploration and development by the company in 1965, and in that year Texas produced a small quantity of mercury, the first in nearly five years. Diamond Shamrock began expansion of its Study Butte facilities in 1967 with the addition of a mercury furnace and processing plant with a capacity of 100 tons of cinnabar ore a day. Most of the mercury recovered by the company went into the production of chlorine and caustic soda at its Deer Park plant near Houston. In 1969 the Study Butte mine produced 1,000 flasks of mercury, but by early in 1970 the mine was shut down until July, when Mineral Industries, Incorporated, purchased the property from Diamond Shamrock and reopened the mine. Later that year the Anchor Company began development of a new mine in Presidio County, known as the Whit?Roy, where about 138 tons of ore was mined and construction begun on a furnace and retort. In the early 1970s the Texas Mercury Company reopened the old Lone Star Mine, and production was reported from the old Fresno mining area and other properties in the district. By 1971, however, because of decreased demand for mercury, the mines in the Terlingua area were again shut down. No further production has been reported since 1973. See also MINERAL RESOURCES AND MINING and TERLINGUA, TEXAS. BIBLIOGRAPHY: W. F. Hillebrand and W. T. Schaller, Mercury Minerals from Terlingua, Texas (Washington: GPO, 1909). Kenneth B. Ragsdale, Quicksilver: Terlingua and the Chisos Mining Company (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1976). Texas Business Review , August 1964, September 1964. Texas Industrial Expansion (Bureau of Business Research, Graduate School of Business, University of Texas at Austin, 1968). U.S. Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook. University of Texas, Texas Looks Ahead: The Resources of Texas (Austin, 1944; rpt., Freeport, New York: Books for Libraries Press, 1968). W. D. Burcham and Harris S. Smith MariscalCinnabar Mine MercuryMines Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Search	:: Services	:: Contact ©Copyright 1996-2007 Mercury Technology All rights reserved ::Website Designed by SEO Services Thailand",11);arrFiles[59]=new Array(60,"Information/Hg_in_Cars.html","18 Jul 2010","Mercury in Automobiles","mercury, automobiles, car, cars, vehicle, motor vehicle","Mercury in Automobiles","Mercury in Automobiles MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury in Automobiles TOXICS IN VEHICLES: MERCURY A Report by Ecology Center Great Lakes United University of Tennessee Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies January 2001 Implications for Recycling and Disposal EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The United States had a record 210 million automobiles on the road in 1999, up 15 million from 1994, and the total for all of North America in 1996 was more than 235 million. Each year, some 12 million of these vehicles are retired from useful life. Many of the materials used in their production create problems along the way, either in the vehicle \'s manufacture, use or end-of-life. This report examines the historic and continuing use of the highly toxic metal mercury in automobiles and estimates its releases to the environment from end-of-life vehicle (ELV) processing. The report will show that emissions from vehicle recycling and disposal processes are one of the largest sources of mercury contamination to the environment. The report also examines strategies for cleaner production and proposes key policy solutions to eliminate mercury hazards from both new and existing vehicles. Mercury in Automotive Applications Government agencies, and the automotive industry as well, have acknowledged concerns with automotive mercury use since the early 1990s. In 1995, a Task Force convened by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources determined that mercury switches were responsible for more than 99 percent of mercury use in automobiles - primarily in hood and trunk lighting, but also in antilock braking systems (ABS). As part of that process, automakers agreed to voluntarily phase out mercury switches within a few years and to educate auto recyclers on how to remove switches from existing vehicles. Five years after the task force findings, however, mercury continues to be used in lighting switches and its use has even increased in ABS applications. The North American vehicle fleet may now contain as many as 250 million switches that, if not removed and properly managed, could release as much as 200 metric tons of mercury into the environment, causing harm to human health and wildlife. Specific findings of this study include: Mercury-containing switches account for more than 99 percent of the mercury used in automobiles, with each switch containing approximately 0.8 grams of mercury. Approximately 11.2 tons of mercury were used in U.S.-made vehicles in 1996, with an average of 1.06 switches per vehicle. An estimated 215 million mercury switches (and perhaps as many as 250 million) in vehicles currently on the road account for some 172 to 200 metric tons of mercury. The 12 million vehicles disposed of annually in the United States and Canada contain an estimated 8.8 to 10.2 metric tons of mercury (U.S. ELVs alone contain 8 to 9.4 metric tons of mercury). While the use of mercury in convenience lighting switches declined some 62 to 77 percent since 1996, mercury use for ABS applications appears to have increased by at least 130 percent and perhaps by as much as 180 percent. Other uses of mercury in automobiles, such as high intensity discharge headlamps, navigational displays, and family entertainment systems, also appear to be on the rise. Automakers have never fully disclosed their historical uses of mercury nor specific vehicle models that contain mercury. Mercury Releases from Auto Recycling Facilities The first stop for most retired vehicles is an automotive dismantler. This can include high-value parts dismantlers or a common auto scrap yard. Once salvageable parts are removed, vehicle hulks are sent to shredder facilities where ferrous (steel) and nonferrous metals are recovered, or sent directly to electric arc furnaces (EAFs) as steel scrap. These EAFs use electrical energy to melt the scrap to make new steel products. During these dismantling and recycling processes, multiple opportunities exist for mercury contained in vehicles to be released to the environment. While removal of mercury switches from convenience lighting applications is a fairly simple procedure, very little known recovery actually occurs. Even less likely is recovery of ABS mercury switches. This report analyzed recent emissions data from one shredder facility, four EAF facilities in three states, and three other steel smelting facilities (the only recent data available). The data confirm that significant mercury emissions occur at shredder and metal recovery facilities, where most, if not all, of the mercury from vehicles is currently released to the environment. Using national emissions estimates derived from these data, EAFs appear to be the single largest manufacturing source of mercury air emissions in the United States, and the fourth largest of all anthropogenic sources. Specific findings include: The bulk of mercury releases from retired vehicles occur from melting contaminated scrap steel in EAFs. Mercury air emissions from U.S. EAFs are estimated in this study at 15.6 metric tons per year, of which mercury from automobiles is likely the single largest contributing source. EAFs constitute the largest manufacturing source of mercury air emissions in the United States, larger than all other manufacturing sources combined. EAFs also constitute the fourth largest of all mercury air emission sources, behind coal-fired utilities, municipal waste incinerators and commercial/industrial boilers (all combustion sources). Potential mercury air emissions from Canadian and Mexican EAFs are estimated at seven metric tons per year, but this estimate is more uncertain due to the absence of data in these countries. Some of the mercury in vehicles is also released at auto shredder facilities, either as an emission to the air or as a contaminant in waste material (i.e., auto shredder residue). At the only combined shredder/EAF facility where a mercury mass balance has been performed, mercury releases from the shredder accounted for more than 20 percent of the total. Mercury can also be released at auto scrap yards. There are approximately 10,000 to 14,000 auto scrap yards in the United States and Canada, many of which have been designated as environmental contamination sites (some with known mercury contamination). The vast majority of EAFs, shredders and scrap yards in North America are neither monitored nor regulated for mercury pollution. Strategies for Clean Production and the Need for Producer Responsibility Automakers can prevent mercury emissions from retired vehicles if they employ clean production principles. This means designing vehicles to avoid the use of toxic substances like mercury in the first place and accepting responsibility for the hazards of their vehicles even after they are sold. Furthermore, a range of public and private policy initiatives must be started to reduce the threat from vehicle-related mercury pollution. Automakers can halt the proliferation of toxic contaminants in vehicles by utilizing design for environment approaches that consider life cycle environmental impacts in a product \'s development. This should also include development of supplier specifications and material tracking systems to ensure that toxic substances like mercury are not used in parts supplied to auto manufacturers. Automakers can also voluntarily accept responsibility for hazards posed by their products at the end of their useful lives through product take-backs or by providing funding for a separate mercury collection and recovery system. Governments can move to protect human and environmental health by instituting policies that promote cleaner production practices. The European Union (EU) has recently taken a major step in this direction by adopting the End-of-Life Vehicle Directive, which requires the phaseout of most applications of mercury and other heavy metals. The Directive also gives automakers financial responsibility and sets recycling targets for ELVs. Some U.S. states, such as Vermont and Minnesota, have required the labeling of mercury-added products (including automobile components) or restricted mercury-containing products from entering the waste stream. Northeast states are now collectively considering comprehensive mercury legislation, which would restrict sales, ban disposal, and provide a collection scheme for mercury-added products. Although North American-based automakers pledged in 1995 to phase-out mercury-containing switches, their use has continued into the new millennium. There has also been little progress toward removing these switches from the existing vehicle fleet. By contrast, European-sold automobiles have not contained mercury switches since 1993, when mercury use was banned in Sweden. This suggests that proactive government policies may be the more effective approach to achieving clean production ends. With Europe setting the standard, it is time for North American governments to take action now to reduce mercury hazards from end-of-life vehicles. Recommendations Based on these findings, the following actions should be taken to eliminate mercury hazards from retired vehicles: Elimination of Mercury Switches from New Cars and Trucks: Automakers should immediately eliminate the use of mercury switches in the production of new cars and trucks to stop the introduction of new sources of mercury into the end-of-life vehicle waste stream. Producer Responsibility for Mercury Switch Removal, Collection and Replacement: Automobile producers should take responsibility for the removal and safe collection of mercury switches from the millions of vehicles in the existing fleet. This should include replacement of switches in vehicles on the road, where feasible, as well as full disclosure of historical uses of mercury. Phaseout of Other Uses of Mercury in Vehicles: Automakers should begin a phaseout of other uses of mercury in vehicles, following a timetable comparable to requirements in the EU ELV Directive. Labeling of Vehicles Containing Mercury: Automakers should label all new vehicles containing mercury, until such use has been fully phased out. Both mercury-containing parts as well as the vehicle itself should be labeled. Upgraded Environmental Standards for Automotive Recycling Facilities: Federal, state, and provincial governments in the United States and Canada should upgrade environmental standards for ELV management by scrap yards, shredders, EAFs, and other metals recovery facilities that process automotive scrap. In particular, they should: 1) require processors to remove and safely recover mercury-containing products before shredding or otherwise processing ELVs, and 2) establish and enforce mercury emission standards for metals recycling and recovery facilities with high mercury emissions, such as EAFs. Additional background information and full versions of the reports are available for viewing or downloading on-line, at: http://www.cleancarcampaign.org/pdfs/toxicsinvehicles_mercury.pdf Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 1996-2007 Mercury Technology All rights reserved ::Website Designed by SEO Services Thailand",15);arrFiles[60]=new Array(61,"Information/Shark_Fin_Soup.html","18 Jul 2010","Shark Fin Soup","mercury, shark, shark fin, soup, shark soup, Hg, methylmercury","Shark Fin Soup","Shark Fin Soup MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Shark \'s Fin Soup Serves 6 4 dried black mushrooms 2 scallion stalks Fresh ginger root 16-oz shark \'s fin (the shinier the better) 2 tbsp sherry 4 cup water 1 chicken breast 2 scallion stalks 3 tbsp oil 5 cup stock 1 tsp salt 2 tbsp sherry 2 tbsp cornstarch 1 cup Stock Soak dried mushrooms. Trim scallion stalks; slice ginger root and combine in a pan with canned shark \'s fin, sherry and water. Bring to a boil, then simmer, covered, 15 minutes. Drain shark \'s fin, discarding liquid, scallions and ginger root. Meanwhile skin, bone and shred chicken breast. Shred soaked mushrooms; cut remaining scallions in 2-inch sections. Heat oil. Brown scallion sections lightly and discard. Add chicken shreds and stir-fry until they lose their pinkness (about 1 minute). Add stock, salt, shark \'s fin, mushrooms, and remaining sherry. Bring to a boil; then simmer, covered, 30 minutes. Blend cornstarch and remaining cold stock; then stir in to thicken soup, and serve. There are 400 species of shark, and many are harvested for their fins. Sharks and shark fin are traded throughout Asia but mostly in Hong Kong and Singapore. The United Nations reports over 100 million sharks are killed every year and the number is likely twice that due to lack of reporting. Sharks reproduce slowly thus populations are declining. Finning is the practice of cutting off only the shark fins and discarding the body. Most sharks are finned because the fin is the valuable part and a fishing boat can hold a large number of fins compared to shark carcasses. Shark-fin soup was a regional delicacy in the Southern part of China until the late 1980s. The Communist Chinese government denounced shark-fin soup as a symbol of elitism but backed off this stance in the late 1980s. Shark-fin soup became popular as a way of honoring guests because it was thought that shark \'s fin increased potency and appetite. The demand has increased exponentially in the last 15 years, and now shark \'s fin soup can be found in most Chinese Restaurants around the world. Hong Kong has roughly 50 percent of the global trade in shark fins but exports from Singapore and Taiwan are increasing. Shark fin typically is cooked for a very long time until the shark fin separates into needles of cartilage that look like clear noodles. The fin itself has no taste, but it absorbs the flavor of the soup broth it is cooked in. Shark fin has little nutritional value but it does contain high levels of mercury. Sharks, being at the top of the marine food chain, bioconcentrate mercury in their bodies. Mercury, in the form of methylmercury, is evenly distributed in body tissues of fish and thus one finds about the same concentrations in muscle, neural tissue and cartilage. Average size sharks demonstrate mercury concentrations (in muscle) from roughly 0.5 to 2 ug/g (ppm) (Food Additives and Contaminants, Vol. 20, No. 9, September, 2003, pp. 813-818). The mercury concentration in large sharks may reach 5 ppm. The threshold for mercury in seafood, above which fish consumption becomes hazardous, is a hotly debated topic and certainly depends on how much is eaten and how often, but most agree that concern begins at or above 0.1 ppm for pregnant mothers and small children. BANGKOK, Aug. 31, 2002 - A Thai civil court accepted Friday a 103 million baht (2.34 million) lawsuit from 15 restaurant owners against U.S.-based conservation group WildAid over its claims shark fins sold in Thailand are tainted with mercury. The restaurant owners said that after WildAid reported in July shark fins sold to restaurants in Thailand contain dangerously high levels of mercury, their soup-sales plummeted by as much as 50%. The suit is against WildAid group and advertising firm WPP Marketing, said Chinatown Food Producers Group Chairman Adul Laohapol. WildAid randomly bought 10 samples of shark fins in Bangkok \'s Chinatown and sent them to the Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research to be tested. The group found 70% of the shark fins contained extremely high levels of hazardous mercury. Adul claims WildAid provided misleading information to the public, saying other tests on shark fin found no mercury. WildAid, however, insists its information is based on well-grounded research and said it would continue its campaign against use of shark fins. BANGKOK, Aug. 17, 2004 - Thai Court Acquits Wildlife Activists In Shark Fin Lawsuit - A court acquitted wildlife activists Monday who claimed shark fin soup sold in Thailand may contain mercury poison, an allegation that provoked a 110 million baht (US2.65 million, euro2.14 million) lawsuit by local sellers of the Chinese delicacy. Judge Chayan Thempiam of the Bangkok Southern Civil Court said defendants from the group WildAid published and distributed information based on scientific facts from government-affiliated laboratories. The defendants \' conclusion that cooked shark fin may have mercury does not contradict the facts, Chayan said in his verdict. Therefore, to quote and publicize such information does not violate the plaintiffs \' rights. Shark fin soup is highly popular among Chinese and is a top selling item at restaurants in Bangkok \'s Chinatown. A bowl of high-quality soup can cost as much as US100 (euro80). WildAid is based in San Francisco and has offices around the world, according to the group \'s Web site. A global WildAid campaign launched in March 2001 said because sharks are predators at the top of the food chain, they ingest all toxic material, including mercury, consumed by smaller fish who feed in polluted waters. The campaign prompted shark fin soup restaurant owners and other retailers to file the lawsuit, saying the claim damaged their businesses. They have 30 days to appeal Monday \'s ruling. WildAid put its campaign on hold as a result of the litigation. One of the defendants, Bangkok-based WildAid Executive Director Steven Galster, called the ruling a victory not only for his group but for other environmental organizations in Thailand as well. The ruling sends a signal that so long as we can back up our campaign with the facts, we should feel free to speak up, Galster said. The plaintiffs \' strategy was to shut us up, which unfortunately they succeeded in doing for three years. We will now resume our campaign. Galster said shark protection would be an important topic at the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which will hold a meeting in Bangkok in October. Estimating Exposure to Direct Food Additives and Chemical Contaminants in the Diet Office of Pre-market Approval, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (HFS-200) Food and Drug Administration, 200 C St., SW., Washington, DC 2 Shark is an infrequently consumed food (in the U.S.) . Consequently, the consumption information presented in dietary surveys such as the USDA 3-day survey and the MRCA 14-day survey can be expected to overestimate, to varying degrees, the average daily intake of shark consumed by the individual (1). Of these surveys, the MRCA survey, due to its longer time base, is more likely to capture the consumption of infrequently consumed foods . However, due to the extremely low consumption rate for shark, even the MRCA survey would likely overestimate chronic exposure to shark for eaters of shark in the general population. Therefore, to more accurately estimate chronic shark intake, an average daily intake was first calculated using a modified per capita approach, in which the amount of shark disappearing into the U.S. food supply was divided by the population of shark eaters as determined using percentage of eaters information from the state \'s seafood consumption survey. According to the state \'s survey, approximately 1% of the general population are eaters of shark. Thus, of a total estimated U.S. population of 260 million people (1994), there might be 2.6 million people nationwide who are consumers of shark meat. According to recent (1993) National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) (2) figures, 8.9 x 10 6 lbs of shark fillets and steaks were produced in the U.S. in 1993. Therefore, the average daily intake of shark is: 8.9 x 10 6 lbs shark --------------------------= 3.4 lbs shark/eater/year = 1554 g/eater/year or 4 g/eater/day. 2.6 x 10 6 eaters This average was then used (as noted below) to create a distribution of intakes for shark meat by assuming a standard deviation equal to the mean intake and assuming that the data were distributed in a log-normal fashion (3). Intake of methylmercury According to the NMFS, methylmercury comprises 90-100% of total mercury in most fish. For the purpose of this estimate, it was assumed that mercury in shark is 100% methylmercury. To estimate the intake of methylmercury resulting from consumption of shark, log-normal distributions based on the mean shark intake and the mean methylmercury concentration in shark (and their associated standard deviations) were used in a Monte Carlo simulation (3). That is, exposure was calculated assuming that 4 +/- 4 g shark is the mean daily consumption for eaters and that shark is contaminated with methylmercury at a level of 0.96 +/- 0.61 ppm. The log-normal distributions of these data sets were combined to give a methylmercury intake distribution for shark eaters. The results of this calculation are as follows: Exposure to Methylmercury from	Shark, µg/person/day (Eaters-Only) Consumption	Percentile Methylmercury Intake mean 3.8 90th 8.4 95th 12.3 99th 25.0 100th 142	A possible subset of shark eaters consists of individuals who consume shark on a regular and frequent basis, perhaps eating one shark meal per week. This is the group to which the state \'s health advisory was directed. Assuming that such persons eat a serving of shark equal in weight to the USDA mean portion size of 145 g for fish consumption, the mean shark intake for these regular and frequent consumers of shark would be 21 g/person/day. This scenario reflects the consumption behavior of slightly less than 1% of shark eaters (i.e., consumption at the 99.2th percentile of shark eaters). If the shark were contaminated with methylmercury at the mean observed level of 0.96 ppm, methylmercury intake would be 20 ?g/day. This is below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 30 µg/p/d, established through animal studies (4). Dividing the food intakes of individuals by the number of days, n, in a survey gives distributions of n-day average intakes. Thus, the USDA 3-day survey and MRCA 14-day surveys provide, respectively, 3-day average and 14-day average intake distributions. The intakes at the mean and 90th percentile (for example) of these distributions for infrequently consumed foods will likely overestimate chronic (long term) daily intakes of these foods. This can be illustrated by considering an individual who consumes 28 grams of a food on two occasions during a 6 month period. If the two occasions occurred in the same week, the 14-day average EDI estimated from a 14-day survey capturing the two occasions would be 4 g/p/d (28 x 2 / 14). However, if the survey captured only one occasion it would be 2 g/p/d. For the 6 month period, the 180-day average EDI would be significantly less: (28 x 2) / 180 = 0.31 g/p/d. NMFS reports a national per capita shark consumption figure of 0.0347 lbs/person/year. Weight of shark is dressed weight (ready for consumption), and has been adjusted for dogfish exports and imports of mako and porbeagle shark. Both of these assumptions are reflective of the typical behavior of food intake and environmental contamination data. Tollefson, L. and Cordle, F. (1986) Environmental Health Perspectives, 68 , 203. Ignorance is Bliss The Straits Times (2001) - Products sold in Singapore \'safe \' - Shark \'s fin sold in Singapore is either not contaminated with mercury or contains such insignificant traces of the metal that it is unlikely to be harmful. This is the finding by the Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority (AVA) of Singapore, which has an ongoing programme to monitor fish products, including shark \'s fin, to check for contamination by mercury and other metals. The AVA head of public affairs, Mr Goh Shih Yong, said yesterday: \'The tests done on the shark \'s fin products have shown that mercury was either not detected or was at levels well below the permitted level of five parts per million . \' The Straits Times contacted the AVA on this issue following reports that an investigation by global environmental group WildAid had revealed high levels of mercury in shark \'s fin samples taken from Thailand. These samples were imported mainly from Hong Kong. Mr Goh said Singapore gets shark \'s fin from more than 20 countries. Only 10 per cent of the total imported delicacy came from Hong Kong, while just 1.4 per cent came from Thailand. Last year, 1,170 tonnes of raw, processed and canned shark \'s fin, worth S69 million, was imported, but only 203 tonnes were consumed locally. The rest were re-exported. Thai authorities have advised people to stay away from shark \'s fin until investigations are completed. Methyl mercury, which is the organic form of mercury, is toxic and can damage the nervous system and the kidneys, as well as cause birth defects. The toxic metal is found mainly in fish muscle, said Mr Goh. There is very little muscle in the shark \'s fin, which is the part used for making the soup. Mr Goh said: \'Moderate consumption of shark \'s fin should not pose a significant health hazard. \' Mercury Contents in Dried Shark Fins in Bangkok Markets Piamsak Menasveta*, Sombat Inkong+, Pimporn Charoensri# * Fellow, the Academy of Sciences, the Royal Institute and the Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University + Aquatic Resources Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, # Unisearch, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand Shark fin currently is popular as a delicacy. This has resulted in an increase of fishing pressure on sharks. However, there is also a concern about the risk of mercury contamination, as previous reports have indicated a high mercury concentration in shark tissue. This investigation was undertaken to determine the level of mercury concentration in dried shark fins randomly sampled in Bangkok markets, using the data obtained for assessing the risk. Mercury concentrations in the shark fins assessed were analyzed by cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results showed that the mean mercury concentration of small size shark fins was significantly higher than medium size fins (p Bon Appétit Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 1996-2007 Mercury Technology All rights reserved ::Website Designed by SEO Services Thailand",24);arrFiles[61]=new Array(62,"Information/Stockpile.html","18 Jul 2010","United States Mercury Stockpile","mercury, mercury detection, mercury control, mercury detection and control, United States Mercury Stockpile, storage, stockpile","United States Mercury Stockpile","United States Mercury Stockpile MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : United States Mercury Stockpile The Defense National Stockpile Center (DNSC)-a part of the Defense Logistics Agency-is responsible for providing safe, secure and environmentally sound stewardship for all commodities in the defense national stockpile, including mercury. There are 4,408 metric tons of mercury safely stored in four secure locations in the United States. The DNSC is preparing an environmental impact statement (EIS) because the stockpiled mercury has been declared excess to national defense needs. The DNSC mercury storage sites are in New Haven, IN, Somerville, NJ, and Warren, OH. DNSC also stores mercury at the Department of Energy \'s Y-12 National Security Complex in Oak Ridge, TN.New Haven, IN 557 metric tons (1.23 million lbs.) 614 tons Somerville, NJ 2,615 metric tons (5.765 million lbs.) 2,883 tons Oak Ridge, TN 673 metric tons (1.48 million lbs.) 742 tons Warren, OH 563 metric tons (1.24 million lbs.) 621 tons Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 1996-2007 Mercury Technology All rights reserved ::Website Designed by SEO Services Thailand",5);arrFiles[62]=new Array(63,"Information/Coal_Hg_Emissions/Coal_Hg_Emissions.html","9 Jul 2010","Mercury Emissions from Coal","Mercury, Hg, Coal, air emissions, coal burning, power plants","Mercury Emissions from Coal","Mercury Emissions from Coal MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury Emissions from Coal Combustion Mercury is emitted from a wide variety of natural and man-made (anthropogenic) sources. Anthropogenic releases of mercury result from combustion or industrial processes that involve mercury (mining, dental amalgam, chlorine manufacture, etc.). Fuel and waste combustion vastly dominate other routes of emission. Coal is by far the worst fuel from a mercury emission standpoint. Mercury that is emitted when coal is burned falls into the categories of elemental and oxidized forms. The oxidized forms come to earth in precipitation in some spatial proximity to the smokestack but elemental mercury stays in the atmosphere for a long time and is distributed broadly. Mercury that is deposited to oceans, lakes and rivers, either directly of from terrestrial water runoff, is methylated by bacteria in sediment and enters the food chain as the methylmercury form. Although there are some exceptions, the mercury found in fish comes mostly from atmospheric mercury deposited to water bodies. About half the mercury in fish comes from human-related emissions and half from natural emissions . There are obvious incentives to reduce the amount of mercury that bioconcentrates in fish and thus to reduce anthropogenic mercury emissions but the cost to to reduce mercury emissions from coal and waste combustion, both in the U.S. and globally, will be significant. The formulation of policies aimed at reducing mercury emissions will be (and has been) affected by both technical and political arguments. MTS has assembled links to some information on this subject to assist those with interest. Most of this information comes from U.S. Government websites due to the fact that regulations on mercury emissions from coal have been promulgated in the U.S. and most of the research to date has derived from the U.S. regulatory process. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has completed a study of mercury in coal and stack emissions for the nation \'s largest coal-fired electric utility boilers. Information generated by this study on the amount of mercury in coal by coal type is compiled on this website . European Union l Japan l China l USA Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 Mercury Technology All rights reserved",6);arrFiles[63]=new Array(64,"Information/Global_Hg_Cycle.html","25 Jul 2010","Global Mercury Cycle","mercury, mercury cycle, global mercury cycle, global mercury","Global Mercury Cycle","Global Mercury Cycle MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Global Mercury Cycle Mercury cycles in the environment as a result of natural and human (anthropogenic) activities. The amount of mercury mobilized and released into the biosphere has increased since the beginning of the industrial age. Most of the mercury in the atmosphere is elemental mercury vapor, which circulates in the atmosphere for up to a year, and hence can be widely dispersed and transported thousands of miles from likely sources of emission. Most of the mercury in water, soil, sediments, or plants and animals is in the form of inorganic mercury salts and organic forms of mercury (e.g., methylmercury). The inorganic form of mercury, when either bound to airborne particles or in a gaseous form, is readily removed from the atmosphere by precipitation and is also dry deposited. Wet deposition is the primary mechanism for transporting mercury from the atmosphere to surface waters and land. Even after it deposits, mercury commonly is emitted back to the atmosphere either as a gas or associated with particles, to be re-deposited elsewhere. As it cycles between the atmosphere, land, and water, mercury undergoes a series of complex chemical and physical transformations, many of which are not completely understood. Mercury accumulates most efficiently in the aquatic food web. Predatory organisms at the top of the food web generally have higher mercury concentrations. Nearly all of the mercury that accumulates in fish tissue is methylmercury. Inorganic mercury, which is less efficiently absorbed and more readily eliminated from the body than methylmercury, does not tend to bioaccumulate. Fish consumption dominates the pathway for human and wildlife exposure to methylmercury. This study supports a plausible link between anthropogenic releases of mercury from industrial and combustion sources in the United States and methylmercury in fish. However, these fish methylmercury concentrations also result from existing background concentrations of mercury (which may consist of mercury from natural sources, as well as mercury which has been re-emitted from the oceans or soils) and deposition from the global reservoir (which includes mercury emitted by other countries). Given the current scientific understanding of the environmental fate and transport of this element, it is not possible to quantify how much of the methylmercury in fish consumed by the U.S. population is contributed by U.S. emissions relative to other sources of mercury (such as natural sources and re-emissions from the global pool). As a result, it cannot be assumed that a change in total mercury emissions will be linearly related to any resulting change in methylmercury in fish, nor over what time period these changes would occur. This is an area of ongoing study. Critical elements in estimating methylmercury exposure and risk from fish consumption include the species of fish consumed, the concentrations of methylmercury in the fish, the quantity of fish consumed, and how frequently fish is consumed. The typical U.S. consumer eating fish from restaurants and grocery stores is not in danger of consuming harmful levels of methylmercury from fish and is not advised to limit fish consumption. The levels of methylmercury found in the most frequently consumed commercial fish are low, especially compared to levels that might be found in some non-commercial fish from fresh water bodies that have been affected by mercury pollution. While most U.S. consumers need not be concerned about their exposure to methylmercury, some exposures may be of concern. Those who regularly and frequently consume large amounts of fish -- either marine species that typically have much higher levels of methylmercury than the rest of seafood, or freshwater fish that have been affected by mercury pollution -- are more highly exposed. Because the developing fetus may be the most sensitive to the effects from methylmercury, women of child-bearing age are regarded as the population of greatest interest. In this Report, an analysis of dietary surveys led the U.S. EPA to conclude that between 1 and 3 percent of women of child-bearing age (i.e., between the ages of 15 and 44) eat sufficient amounts of fish to be at risk from methylmercury exposure, depending on the methylmercury concentrations in the fish. These consumers should be aware of the Food and Drug Administration and State fish advisories that suggest limiting the consumption of contaminated fish. Advisories in the United States have been issued by 39 states and some Tribes, warning against consumption of certain species of fish contaminated with methylmercury. Email Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Search	:: Services	:: Contact ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",8);arrFiles[64]=new Array(65,"Corrosion/Mercury_Corrosion.html","1 Jul 2010","Mercury Corrosion and Environmental Cracking","mercury corrosion, corrosion by mercury, corrosion and mercury, corrosion of steel by mercury, mercury corrosion, cold box corrosion, liquid mercury embrittlement, mercury environmental cracking, attack of aluminum by merury, LME of aluminum, mercury gal","Mercury Corrosion and Environmental Cracking","Mercury	Corrosion and Environmental Cracking MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury Corrosion The figure shows a perforation in the bottom of a hypochlorite tank caused by liquid mercury lying on the bottom of the tank. The tank had a float valve that contained elemental mercury. The float valve failed mechanically releasing some amount of liquid mercury into the tank. Although the tank was epoxy coated, it nonetheless perforated in a few months time producing the hole in the picture. In the galvanic attack, the mercury deposit was the cathode and the steel was the anode. Mercury Galvanic Corrosion (photo courtesy of U.S. Navy, 2002) The interaction of mercury with materials of construction hasnot been intensively investigated until recently.Mercury corrosion in the present context means corrosion of metals caused byliquid mercury in contact with metals, corrosion of metals caused by mercury asa dissolved species in the corrosive environment, corrosion of metals whosesurfaces are contaminated by mercury and corrosion of metallic mercury. Liquid Mercury l Liquid Metal Embrittlement l Dental Amalgam Corrosion l Oil and Gas Aqueous Corrosion l Copper LME l Galvanic Corrosion l Mercuryand Steel Mercury Corrosion Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: Data	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 1996-2007 Mercury Technology All rights reserved",6);arrFiles[65]=new Array(66,"Information/Mad_Hatter.html","25 Jul 2010","Mad Hatter","mercury, mad hatter, Lewis Carroll, hatter, mad, Hg, hat","Mad Hatter","Mad Hatter MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : The Mad Hatter The term Mad Hatter is popularly recognized from the character described in Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll. He was the partner of the March Hare at the Mad Tea Party. Lewis Carroll did not invent the phrase, although he did create the characters. The phrases mad as a hatter and mad as a March hare were common at the time (1865) Lewis Carroll wrote Alice . The phrase mad as a hatter had been in common use in 1837, almost 30 years earlier. The Hatter and the Hare also reappear in Alice Through the Looking Glass as the King \'s messengers, Hatta and Haigha. In that direction, the Cat said, waving its right paw round, lives a Hatter: and in that direction, waving the other paw, lives a March Hare. Visit either you like: they \'re both mad. But I don \'t want to go among mad people, Alice remarked. Oh, you can \'t help that, said the Cat: we \'re all mad here. I \'m mad. You \'re mad. How do you know I \'m mad? said Alice. You must be, said the Cat, or you wouldn \'t have come here. Hatters really did go mad. The chemicals used in hat-making included mercurous nitrate, used in curing felt. Prolonged exposure to the mercury vapors caused mercury poisoning. Victims developed severe and uncontrollable muscular tremors and twitching limbs, called hatter \'s shakes. Other symptoms included distorted vision and confused speech. In advanced cases, hatters developed hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms. The popular top hat of the time was made from beaver fur, but cheaper ones used furs such as rabbit instead. A complicated set of processes was needed to turn the fur into a finished hat. With the cheaper sorts of fur, one step was to brush a solution of mercurous nitrate on to the fur to roughen the fibers and make them mat more easily, a process called carroting because it made the fur turn orange. Beaver fur had natural serrated edges that made this unnecessary, one reason why it was preferred, but the cost and scarcity of beaver meant that other furs had to be used. Whatever the source of the fur, the fibers were then shaved off the skin and turned into felt; this was later immersed in a boiling acid solution to thicken and harden it. The acid treatment decomposed the mercurous nitrate to elemental mercury. Finishing processes included steaming the hat to shape and ironing it. In all these steps, hatters working in poorly ventilated workshops would breathe in (elemental) mercury vapor. On December 2, 1955, the New York Times ran a full-column story, with a dateline from Danbury, Connecticut and headlines: 600 Hatters Mark 1941 Nitrate Ban. The story notes that The occasion was the 14th anniversary of the outlawing of the use of nitrate of mercury in the hat industry. This notable event had come to pass since On December 1, 1941, the United States Public Health Service brought an end to mercury \'s use by hat manufacturers in 26 states through mutual agreements. Credit for this achievement was claimed in whole or in part by the Public Health Service, the hat manufacturers, and the secretary-treasurer of the local union of United Hatters, Cap and Millinery Workers. Cynics have suggested that credit for this triumph should be attributed to a war-time shortage of mercury. For close to a century prior to 1955, the ravages of mercurialism among hatters had been known and tolerated in the United States. So, what is written on the mad hatter \'s hat??? Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",7);arrFiles[66]=new Array(67,"Information/Hg_in_Volcanoes.html","25 Jul 2010","Mercury from Vocanoes","mercury, Vocanoes, volcano, plume, air emission","Mercury from Vocanoes","Mercury from Vocanoes MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury from Volcanoes Mercury is released by all active volcanoes and has been measured at Kilauea, Mauna Loa, Hekla, Erebus, at Mount St. Helens (Siegel and Siegel, 1987). Kilauea produces about 270 tons of mercury each year and has been identified as the main source of mercury found on Oahu, 320 km away. Siegel, B. Z., and Siegel, S. M., 1987, Hawaiian volcanoes and the biogeology of mercury : in Decker, R. W., Wright, T. L., and Stauffer, P. H., (eds.), Volcanism in Hawaii, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350, v. 1, p. 827-839. Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[67]=new Array(68,"Corrosion/Aqueous_Corrosion.html","18 Jul 2010","Corrosion of Mercury in Water","corrosion by mercury, corrosion of steel by mercury, mercury corrosion, cold box corrosion, liquid metal embrittlement, environmental cracking, mercury and copper, attack of aluminum by merury, LME of aluminum","Corrosion of Mercury in Water","Corrosion of Mercury in Water MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury - Aqueous Corrosion Materials Selection Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: Data	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 1996-2007 Mercury Technology All rights reserved ::Website Designed by SEO Services Thailand",4);arrFiles[68]=new Array(69,"Mines/Mercury_Mines.html","18 Jul 2010","Mercury Mines","mercury, mines, retort, cinnabar","Mercury Mines","Mercury Mines MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury Mines MTS is in the process of compiling information on mercury mines, both active and those that have operated historically. MTS welcomes submission of information to include in the compilation. Please submit any such information to smw@hgtech.com Cinnabar Almaden, Spain Indrija, Slovenia Mariscal, Texas Alaska Russia Buena Vista Huancavelica, Peru Sulfur Bank, California Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: Data	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[69]=new Array(70,"Information/Minamata_Japan.html","18 Jul 2010","Mercury Minamata Japan","mercury, mercury detection, mercury control, mercury detection and control, Minamata, Japan, Chiso","Mercury Minamata Japan","Mercury Minamata Japan MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Minamata, Japan May 1, 2006 is the 50 year anniversary of the identification of Minimata Disease and its relationship to the ingestion of mercury. Minamata is a small village located on the Western coast of Kyushu, Japan \'s southernmost island. The town faces the Shiranui Sea, of which Minamata Bay is a part. Close to Minamata and located on an estuary that flows into Minamata Bay is a petrochemical facility owned and operated since 1907 by the Chisso Corporation. In Japanese, Chisso means nitrogen. The Chisso Corporation had been primarily a fertilizer manufacturer but, in 1932, began to manufacture acetaldehyde, used to produce plastics. The process for acetaldehyde manufacture used a mercury catalyst and mercury was a component of the waste stream derived from the process. After World War II, Chisso Corporation \'s became essentially the world \'s only manufacturer of a primary chemical called D.O.P. (diotyl phthalate), a plasticizer and a derivative of acetaldehyde. Chisso expanded rapidly and since Chisso was the main industry close to Minamata, the town \'s growth period from 1952 to 1960 paralleled Chisso \'s advancement. But with the expansion of the local petrochemical industry came a price. From 1932 to 1968, the Chisso plant dumped an estimated 25 to 30 tons of mercury compounds into Minamata Bay. Minamata residents relied on fish and shellfish from Minamata bay as their main source of protein. The mercury waste in the bay entered the food chain and thousands of people whose normal diet included fish developed symptoms of mercury poisoning. The effects of methylmercury ingestion were not well studied at the time and the relationship of the symptoms to diet was not immediately established. The illness became known as the Minamata Disease, which is now understood to be related to a degeneration of the nervous system caused by ingestion of methylmercury. Symptoms included numbness in limbs and lips, followed by slurred speech, and constricted vision. Some people developed serious brain damage and lapsed into unconsciousness or suffered from involuntary movements. Some victims developed acute dementia and shouted uncontrollably. Children born to mothers that ate fish were deformedand mentally impaired . People also thought the local house cats were going insane as well when they witnessed so called cat suicides in which cats seemingly jumped into the ocean and drowned. Ironically, the cat behavior eventually allowed the connection to be made between fish consumption and the disease. Dr. Hajime Hosokawa, a physician at the Chisso Corporation Hospital, reported in 1956 that the disease affected the central nervous system but the exact cause remained unexplained. Dr. Hosokawa finally linked the fish diet to the disease based on experiments with cats. The connection to waste from the Chisso plant followed, but not immediately. The Chisso Corporation denied accusations of responsibility and maintained their waste discharge practice. Chisso installed equipment designed to control the emissions but the measures were not completely effective. Chisso began to offer `mimai \' (consolation payments) to the patients in an effort to resolve the issue. In 1958, Chisso Corporation moved their waste discharge from Minamata Bay to the Minamata River hoping to diminish the controversy and accusations toward the company. The Minamata River flows past the town Hachimon, and into the Shiranui Sea. The people of this area also began developing the disease after a few months. The Kumamoto Prefecture government responded by imposing a ban which allowed fisherman to catch fish, but not to sell fish from the bay. Since fish were still the main food source, people continued to eat fish at home, but the ban served to release government officials from any responsibility for those who developed the illness. In July 1959, researchers from Kumamoto University finally concluded that methylmercury was the cause of the Minamata Disease and that the ultimate source was Chisso. Chisso finally stopped production of acetaldehyde in 1968--when an alternative technology for producing plastics was developed. On March 20, 1973, Japan \'s Kumamoto District Court ruled: It must be said that a chemical plant, in discharging the waste water out of the plant, incurs an obligation to be highly diligent; to confirm safety through researches and studies regarding the presence of dangerous substances mixed in the waste water as well as their possible effects upon the animal, the plan, and the human body, always availing itself of the highest skill and knowledge; to provide necessary and maximum preventive measures such as immediate suspension of operation if a case should arise where there be some doubts as to safety... in the final analysis...no plant can be permitted to infringe on and run at the sacrifice of the lives and health of the regional residents. Of Interest to Chemists Mercury, in many of its chemical forms, can be methylated in sediments by bacteria. Sediment methylation of mercury has been studied extensively. The amount of methylmercury in the fish in Minamata Bay, the toxic agent that caused Minamata Disease, was many times higher than could be accounted for by methylation of mercury in sediment by bacteria. It is now well established that the source of the methylmercury responsible for the Minamata outbreak was a mercuric sulfate catalyst used by Chisso (and others) in the manufacture of acetaldehyde between 1932 and 1968. But how was methylmercury formed in the process? That methylmercury was a major component in the Chisso waste stream and the ingested poison was confirmed by cat feeding experiments using the actual waste from the process (In the experiments, cats were fed methylmercury from the actual waste from the plant, not from fish exposed to the waste). However, the production of methylmercury in the acetaldehyde process itself has never been adequately explained in industrial chemistry. The important and only recently answered questions are: Why did Minamata disease start suddenly and abruptly in 1953 after 20 years of safe operation of the acetaldehyde process? The waste from the Chisso process into Minamata Bay had initiated in 1932 and continued to 1968. Why was it only Chisso that caused Minamata disease while 7 factories in Japan and 20 factories in the world were producing acetaldehyde utilizing the same process as Chisso \'s and discharging waste streams into fished water bodies. Recently Nishimura reported that large amounts of methylmercury compounds were generated in the Chisso Minamata Plant due to a change in a procedural step in the process. The process to make acetaldehyde (CH 3 CHO) involved contacting acetylene (HCCH) and water in sulfuric acid containing mercuric sulfate at 50 - 100 C. In August 1951, ferric sulfide was substituted for manganese dioxide, which had been used as a promoter for maintaining the activity of mercuric sulfate catalyst. The ferric sulfide allowed a side reaction to occur in which methylmercury was formed. The methylmercury concentrated in the waste stream from the process. References Nishimura H (1998). The resolution of the questions of occurrences in Minamata disease. Gendai Kagakku (Chemistry Today) No. 323, 60-66, No. 324, 14-22 (in Japanese). Nishimura H. and Okamoto T. (2001). Minamata-Byo no Kagaku (The Science of Minamata Disease) . Nihon Hyoronsha Co. LTD., Tokyo ( in Japanese). Smith, Eugene. Minamata. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1975. Ishimure, Michiko. 1990. Paradise in the Sea of Sorrow. English translation by Livet Monnet. Yamaguchi Publishing House (c/o Japan Publications Trading Co., Ltd., Tokyo). Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 1996-2007 Mercury Technology All rights reserved ::Website Designed by SEO Services Thailand",12);arrFiles[70]=new Array(71,"Publications/Hg_analysis.html","25 Jul 2010","Sampling and Analysis of Mercury in Crude Oil","mercury analysis, mercury sampling, mercury in crude oil, merciury in petroleum","Sampling and Analysis of Mercury in Crude Oil","Sampling and Analysis of Mercury in Crude Oil MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Sampling and Analysis of Mercury in Crude Oil Wilhelm, S. M., Kirchgessner, D. A. Liang, L., and Kariher, P. H. Journal of ASTM International, Paper ID: 12985 Available online at: www.astm.org ABSTRACT Sampling and analytical procedures used to determine total mercury content in crude oils were examined. Three analytical methods were compared with respect to accuracy, precision and detection limit. The combustion method (U.S. EPA 7473 hybrid) and a commercial extraction method (non-standard) were found adequate to provide a good combination of sensitivity and accuracy while instrumental neutron activation analysis was found to suffer from interferences from elements other than mercury (Ni, Se) that are typically found in crude oil. Aliquot removal and processing steps were found to be important to accuracy and precision of the combustion method. Potential errors caused by incomplete homogenization and loss of volatile mercury were investigated in detail. Homogenization of oils that contain suspended mercury compounds was found important to allow retrieval of representative aliquots for analysis. Ultrasonication at slightly elevated temperature yielded the more reproducible and higher magnitude results. It was discovered that volatile mercury can be lost from sample containers when they are opened to remove aliquots. Alternative sample containers and aliquot removal techniques were developed that minimized losses of volatile mercury. Speciation experiments were utilized to determine the identity of volatile species and the rates at which they are lost from containers. Both elemental mercury and dimethylmercury were identified as volatile mercury components of one freshly sampled crude oil. Order the entire paper Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",6);arrFiles[71]=new Array(72,"Publications/regulatory.html","8 Jul 2010","Mercury in Petroleum: Processing and Regulatory Issues","Mercury in Petroleum, mercury processing, mercury regulatory issues","Mercury in Petroleum: Processing and Regulatory Issues","Mercury in Petroleum: Processing and Regulatory Issues MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury in Petroleum: Processing and Regulatory Issues Wilhelm, S. M., Mercury In Petroleum; Processing And Regulatory Issues, Proceedings of ASME/ETCE 2001, 23rd Energy Sources Technology Conference and Exposition, February 5-7, 2001, Houston, TX. ABSTRACT Elemental mercury and several mercury compounds occur naturally in geologic hydrocarbons including petroleum and gas condensates. Recent advances in analytical chemistry are assisting our understanding of the chemistry of mercury in petroleum and its fate in petrochemical processes. Analytical techniques now are capable of measuring the concentration of mercury and mercury compounds in most hydrocarbon matrices to better than 1 part in 10 10 . A recently developed model proposes that the mean amount of mercury in crude oil is no more than 10 ppb. The various chemical forms of mercury exhibit significantly different chemical and physical behavior and thus partition to fuels, products and effluents in a complex fashion. Speciation of compounds and accurate determination of species concentrations assists accounting for mercury in petrochemical processes and prediction of the magnitude of its occurrence in water and air emissions. From knowledge of the solubilities and partition factors of the mercury compounds in petroleum, one can predict concentrations in separations and distillations. The developing understanding of mercury concentrations in crude oil suggest that mercury discharges to the environment from petroleum are small as compared to those that originate from coal combustion. Although it is generally recognized that reductions in anthropomorphic mercury emissions are beneficial to reducing mercury in the global cycle, the strategies to achieve this goal should be carefully constructed and based on the known amounts of mercury in industrial emissions. Regulations, both existing and anticipated, are major factors driving the development of mercury sequestration strategies. Emissions of mercury from petroleum production and processing are regulated by water, sediment and air criteria that are based on estimates of mercury concentrations in liquid fuels that may be in error by at least an order of magnitude. Aside from environmental concerns, mercury also is problematic to both gas processors and refiners from the standpoint of operations. The issues relate to catalyst poisoning, health and safety and occasionally precipitation/condensation of mercury in cryogenic processes. Although mercury removal systems are applied to gas and gas liquids processing, such systems are ineffective for application to crude oil. Request a copy Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",6);arrFiles[72]=new Array(73,"Publications/Safety.html","25 Jul 2010","Avoiding Exposure to Mercury","mercury exposure, mercury detection, mercury control, mercury detection and control, mecury safety, mercury risk","Avoiding Exposure to Mercury","Avoiding Exposure to Mercury MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Avoiding Exposure to Mercury During Inspection and Maintenance Operations in Oil and Gas Processing Wilhelm, S. M., Avoiding Exposure to Mercury During Inspection and Maintenance Operations in Oil and Gas Processing, Process Safety Progress , Fall (1999). ABSTRACT Exposure to mercury and its compounds poses a potential health risk to workers involved with inspection and maintenance activities in facilities that process hydrocarbons containing significant amounts. The risks of exposure to mercury are often underestimated for a variety of reasons. Foremost is the fact that the exact amount of mercury present in processed petroleum often is not known with certainty. Secondly, the specific quantities of mercury compounds that may be present in hydrocarbon liquids seldom are known at all. Thirdly, monitoring for mercury vapor in work environments is not a routine procedure for many processing facilities. Lastly, mercury toxicity is gradual and produces no immediately apparent impairment that easily can be associated with occupational exposure. Superimposed on the risk issues are several aspects of the chemistry of mercury that make it illusive both to quantitative analysis and to detection in work environments. The combination of the cited factors increases the likelihood that workers who are inadvertently exposed to occupational environments that contain mercury will be adversely affected. The discovery of significant quantities of mercury in hydrocarbons is not a recent occurrence and, in spite of the fact that mercury is abundant in some major fields, major health deficiencies have not been documented in large classes of workers in the petroleum industry. This fact is reassuring, however, maintenance workers in some locations are exposed to mercury and mercury compounds during equipment cleaning, tank inspections and during hot work on contaminated equipment and piping. Exposure risks generally are proportional to the concentration (total) of mercury in processed hydrocarbons. Risks can be minimized by understanding the toxicological, chemical and physical properties of mercury, determination of the possible exposure pathways in the work place and adopting policies and procedures that mitigate exposure. Chronic occupational exposure to mercury is rarely diagnosed unless a specific program is in place to monitor mercury concentrations in the blood or urine of at-risk workers over time. Absent a monitoring program, diagnosis is extremely difficult unless affected individuals exhibit significant and readily apparent symptoms. For most petroleum workers, acutely toxic environments are infrequently encountered and chronic exposures require years to manifest. Also important is the fact that large fields containing high concentrations of mercury are rare in the US and Europe. High mercury concentrations are found in the Gulf of Thailand, Indonesia, China, North Africa (Algeria), parts of South America (Venezuela) and in a few fields in the Middle East. In many of these locations, the risk factors are compounded by logistical impediments to detection of mercury in produced hydrocarbons and to monitoring accumulated mercury levels in at-risk groups. Avoiding exposure to mercury, in most maintenance and inspection activities, is readily accomplished if some fairly simple steps are taken to identify those situations in which exposure is possible, and by provision of commonly available equipment for detection of mercury vapor and for worker protection from inhalation or dermal absorption. Incidents of inadvertent exposure are more likely in situations that are not routine or that involve unsupervised or contract personnel. With proper procedures and plans, protection of workers can be achieved without tremendous expense or operational impediment. The perspective on mercury in hydrocarbons has changed in a fundamental fashion over the last ten years as the influences of mercury on processes and equipment have become more apparent and researched and our ability to measure mercury in hydrocarbon matrices has improved. The toxicity of mercury and the mechanisms of mercury \'s interaction with human physiology likewise are much better understood today. These trends transcend the petroleum industry and are the driving force behind efforts to eliminate anthropogenic sources of mercury discharge to the environment and to reduce the exposure of humans to mercury both occupationally and otherwise. Order the entire paper Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 Mercury Technology All rights reserved",8);arrFiles[73]=new Array(74,"Publications/EPA_report.html","25 Jul 2010","Mercury Detection and Control - Mercury Technology Services","mercury emissions, Production, processing, combustion","stimation of Mercury Emissions","Estimation of Mercury Emissions from Processing and Combustion MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury in Petroleum and Natural Gas: Estimation of Emissions from Production, Processing, and Combustion by S. Mark Wilhelm Mercury Technology Services 23014 Lutheran Church Rd. Tomball, TX 77375 EPA Project Officer David A. Kirchgessner National Risk Management Research Laboratory Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 Prepared for: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development Washington, DC 20460 ABSTRACT Mercury is a trace component of all fossil fuels including natural gas, gas condensates, crude oil, coal, tar sands and other bitumens. The use of fossil hydrocarbons as fuels provides the main opportunity for emissions of the mercury they contain to the atmospheric environment but other avenues also exist in production, transportation and in processing systems. These other avenues may provide mercury directly to air, water or solid waste streams. This document examines mercury in liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons that are produced and/or processed in the United States for the purpose of estimating, to the extent possible, emissions of mercury to the U.S. environment from petroleum and natural gas. Although the masses of petroleum and natural gas processed and consumed in the U.S. are very large, only limited amounts of information are available concerning mercury in gas and oil processed domestically. This report compiles existing information and data on mercury in petroleum and natural gas and examines the current state of knowledge of the amounts of mercury in petroleum and gas produced and imported to the U.S. In addition, the distribution and transformation of mercury in production, transportation and processing are considered relative to the determination of mercury in air emissions, wastewater, and products from oil and gas processing facilities. Finally, the fates of mercury in combusted gas and liquid fuel products are examined. The mercury associated with petroleum and natural gas production and processing enters the environment primarily via solid waste streams (drilling and refinery waste) and via combustion of fuels. In total the amount may exceed 10,000 kg yearly but the present estimates are uncertain due to lack of statistical data. The amounts in solid wastes and atmospheric emissions from combustion are estimated to be roughly equal. Solid waste streams likely contain a much higher fraction of mercuric sulfides or other insoluble compounds than water soluble species and thus the bioavailability of mercury from this category is much more limited than that which derives from combustion. This report is intended to assist in the identification of those areas that require additional research, especially the needs associated with measuring the concentrations of the various chemical species of mercury in the various feeds and waste streams associated with the oil and gas industry. Acquisition of additional information will be necessary if accurate estimates of the magnitudes of mercury emissions associated with U.S. petroleum and natural gas are to be accomplished. Download pdf Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",7);arrFiles[74]=new Array(75,"Publications/minamata.html","25 Jul 2010","Mercury as a Global Pollutant","mercury in oil, mercury in petroleum, Mercury as a Global Pollutant","Mercury as a Global Pollutant","International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Concentration of Mercury in Crude Oil Refined in the United States Wilhelm, S. M., and Bigham, G. N., 5th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant, Minamata, Japan , 2002. Introduction We have compiled and evaluated data on the concentration of mercury in crude oil processed by U.S. refineries. The range of total mercury concentrations in crude oil spans 5 or 6 orders of magnitude, from parts per trillion (ppt) to parts per million (ppm) concentrations. The exact range of total mercury concentrations in crude oil cannot be assigned at present, and a defensible mean concentration can only be stated very approximately because of uncertainty in the quality of the analyses and the representativeness of the results. Several recent studies that have examined the high volume sources of crude oils processed in the United States and Canada suggest that the mean amount in U.S. processed crude is much less than previously estimated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (U.S. EPA 1997a,b). Currently available data, corrected by discounting two anomalous fields and without weighting for volume, suggest the mean should be less than 20 parts per billion (ppb). In virtually all of the studies of mercury in crude oils that were examined, samples were poorly documented as to their source and handling before analysis, leaving the data derived from them in doubt. As has been found for mercury in other matrices, sampling method and post-retrieval processing can lead to order of magnitude variations in measured mercury concentrations. In addition, analytical uncertainties exist in some data because of unreported or incomplete quality assurance procedures. In general, however, analytical methods, as applied to mercury in hydrocarbon matrices, generally have improved in the last decade by incorporating aspects of the newer procedures developed for measuring (and speciating) mercury in water. A few crude oils in the world have high (ppm) concentrations of mercury due to the peculiarities of their geologic origin. Because of the difficulties they present in processing and recent environmental concerns, analyses of such high-mercury crude oils abound, and the frequency of their inclusion in studies is disproportionate with the volumes they represent in U.S. refining. Mercury in Crude Oil Crude oil typically contains several chemical forms of mercury, which differ in their chemical and physical properties (Wilhelm and Bloom 2000; Bloom 2000). Dissolved elemental mercury (Hg0) is soluble in crude oil and hydrocarbon liquids in atomic form to approximately 2 ppm. Dissolved organic mercury compounds (RHgR and RHgY, where R = CH3, C2H5, etc., and Y = Cl-, etc.) are highly soluble in crude oil and gas condensate. This category includes dialkylmercury (i.e., dimethylmercury, diethylmercury) and monomethylmercury halides (or other inorganic ions). Dialkylmercury compounds have been detected in condensates, but their natural abundance across classes of hydrocarbon liquids is unknown. Monoalkylmercury is seldom detected in oil and condensate, inferring that the dialkyls are likewise not abundant. Other dissolved forms of mercury in crude oil include inorganic (ionic) mercury salts (Hg2+Z or Hg2+Z2, where Z is an inorganic ion) that are soluble in oil and gas condensate but preferentially partition to the water phase in primary separations. Mercuric chlorides have a reasonably high solubility in organic liquids (about 10 times more than elemental mercury). Complexed mercury (HgK or HgK2) can exist in hydrocarbons as a complex, where K is a ligand (probably containing sulfur) such as a thiol or thiophene. The existence of such compounds is inferred from operational analytical protocols, but their exact identity and prevalence are a matter of speculation at present. In addition to the purely dissolved forms, crude oil typically contains suspended mercury compounds or mercury adsorbed on suspended solids or both. The analysis for total mercury in crude oil yields the sum of both dissolved and suspended forms. Although the concentration of the truly dissolved forms of mercury is thought to be reasonably consistent within a given reservoir, the concentration of suspended forms depends on the location from which samples were taken in the production, transportation, or refining process. The percentage of suspended mercury in the measured total amount in crude oil typically decreases with distance from the wellhead because of its loss in separators, pipelines, and tanks. In most crude oil production, three phases separate (water, gas, and oil) in equipment immediately downstream of the wellhead. The amount of mercury in the oil phase depends in part on the relative amounts of the other phases, which change over time as the reservoir depletes. Elemental mercury typically equilibrates between gas and liquid hydrocarbon and other forms (oxidized, complexed, organic) remaining mostly in the liquids. The partitioning of mercury in primary separations is largely determined by solubilities and vapor pressures of the various species. Historical Data The accuracies of concentrations reported for mercury in crude oils are difficult to assess because of the lack of documentation of sample source and handling before analysis. In general, sampling errors lead to lower than actual values of THg in petroleum. The main reasons for lower than actual concentrations include the following: Loss of volatile Hg0 during sampling to the headspace of sample containers Failure to account for mercury adsorbed to sample containers Failure to obtain homogeneous samples that are representative of the actual suspended fraction. If the true concentration of mercury in a crude oil is very low ( The range of concentrations of mercury in crude oil appears to span ppt to ppm levels. The lower end of the range is uncertain because the detection limit for mercury in crude oil achieves sub-ppb levels only for cold vapor atomic fluorescence (CVAF) detection methods, but data obtained by using these methods do not always agree. The method detection limit (MDL) for neutron activation analysis (NAA) remains close to 1 ppb but probably could be improved with method development efforts directed specifically at mercury. NAA is still considered the standard analytical method to which other methods are compared, but no comparisons of ability to measure mercury in hydrocarbon matrices have been conducted for the newer methods (combustion CVAF, extraction CVAF, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry) relative to NAA. Statistical Considerations A major impediment to assigning a mean concentration to mercury in crude oils processed in the United States is that representative concentrations must be weighted for the volumes that are processed. At present, it is not certain that concentrations reported for particular fields are representative. Although production statistics for U.S. fields exist, the percentages of foreign field production processed in U.S. refineries are less well known. Such statistics might be developed, but they are not readily available now. Additionally, it is not known if mercury concentrations assigned to a field are representative of that field, given the mixing that occurs in multiple well completions and in gathering lines. Furthermore, characterization of mercury in foreign oil carried by tanker may not be representative of the source fields because of mixing from different sources at the loading terminal. If mercury concentrations were assigned on a regional basis, gross errors would be expected unless sufficient data existed to allow a statistical interpretation. This expectation is clearly shown in the work of Hitchon and Filby (1983), who examined mercury in Alberta (Canada) crudes across the range of regional geologies. The range for the 86 crudes examined spanned amounts less than detection limits (2 ppb) to approximately 400 ppb, and close to half the reported values were less than the detection limit. Thus, assignment of a mean concentration to a country or region would require a statistical study such as Hitchon \'s that examined local geologies and production volumes. Discussion Calculated mean concentrations of mercury in crude oil processed domestically that are applied by U.S. regulatory bodies are in error. The principal reason is that much of the existing data on mercury in U.S. crude oils contain an inordinate contribution of measured concentrations from a small field in California. Mercury concentrations from this field abound in the earlier data because of the interest of analysts. This single field contributes approximately 17 of the 5,000 million barrels of crude oil processed annually in the United States (foreign and domestic) or about 0.34 percent (U.S. DOE 2000 for year 1999). Reported concentrations of mercury from this field, however, account for more than 10 percent of the data used by EPA to calculate an average concentration of mercury in crude processed in the United States. Given that crude from this small California field has the highest reported concentration of mercury in the world, current estimates are at least 30 times higher than they would be if calculations of an average were based on volume-weighted contributions. Inclusion of Bloom \'s data (Bloom 2000) when calculating a mean concentration for mercury crude oil creates a similar bias. Such calculations, if based on number of samples analyzed and not on normalized process volumes in a particular ensemble, lead to gross errors in calculating the mean amount of mercury in crudes processed in the United States. The upper half of Bloom \'s data on mercury in crude oil come from one field producing less than 10 million barrels per year or about 0.2 percent of crude processed in U.S. refineries annually (assuming this crude is processed in the United States, which is not actually known). This one field accounts for more than 30 (of about 300) data points in calculated averages. These points are illustrated in Table 1. By discarding data from two fields that account for at most 0.6 percent of the crude processed in the United States, one obtains an adjusted mean close to 20 ppb instead of 600 ppb. The adjusted mean of 20 ppb is probably higher than the actual mean concentration of mercury in crude oil because it includes the early NAA data whose sample sets were selected for analytical method development. Table 1. Summary of mercury concentrations in crude oils Method Detection Limit (ppb) Reference Number of Samples Low (ppb) High (ppb) Mean (ppb) Adjusted Mean (ppb) TD-CVAF 0.2 Liang (2000) 9 1.0 9.3 3.1 3.1 TD-CVAF 11 1.6 7.2 3.4 3.4 E-CVAF 0.5 Bloom (2000) 76/37 - - 1,500 1 E/TD-CVAF 0.5/0.2 Morris (2000) 23 0.1 12.2 3.2 3.2 ICP-AES 15 Cao (1993) 24 <15 8 8 D-CVAA 10 Magaw et al. (1999) 26/25 1,560 65 5 D-CVAA 2 Duo (2000) 8 9 1.6 1.6 D-CVAA 10 Knauer and Milliman (1975) 3 <10 5 5 NAA 4 Shah et al. (1970) 10/9 a 23 29,700 3,200 297 NAA 2 Hitchon et al. (1983) 86 399 21.9 22 NAA 2 Filby et al. (1975) 4/3 23,100 5,803 38 NAA 0.1 Musa et al. (1995) 6 0.1 12.2 3.1 3.1 TOTAL 286/244 0.1 30,000 605 21 Note: a 10/9 denotes that 10 data points were used to calculate the unadjusted mean and 9 data points were used to calculate the adjusted mean. D-CVAA - digestion-cold vapor atomic absorption E-CVAF - extraction-cold vapor atomic fluorescence E/TD-CVAF - extraction/thermal digestion- cold vapor atomic fluorescence ICP/AES - inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry NAA - neutron activation analysis TD-CVAF - thermal decomposition-cold vapor atomic fluorescence D-CVAF - digestion-cold vapor atomic fluorescence E-CVAF - extraction-cold vapor atomic fluorescence -- - not given References Bloom, N.S. 2000. Analysis and stability of mercury speciation in petroleum hydrocarbons. Fresenius \' J. Anal. Chem. 366(5):438. Cao, J.R. 1992. Microwave digestion of crude oils and oil products for the determination of trace metals and sulphur by inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Environment Canada Manuscript Report Number EE-140, Ottawa, Ontario. Duo, W., T. Guthrie, and W.C. Edwards. 2000. Mercury emissions from the petroleum refining sector in Canada. Contract: K2216-9-0078. Prepared for Environment Canada, Trans-boundary Air Issues Branch, Hazardous Air Pollutants Program, Ottawa, Ontario. Filby, R. H., and K.R. Shah. 1975. Neutron activation methods for trace metals in crude oil. In: The Role of Trace Metals in Petroleum. T.F. Yen (ed). Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI. Hitchon, B., and R. Filby. 1983. Geochemical studies-Trace elements in Alberta crude oils. Open File Report 1983-02. Alberta Research Council for Alberta Energy and Utilities Board, and Alberta Geological Survey. Edmonton, Alberta. Liang, L., S. Lazoff, M. Horvat, E. Swain, and J. Gilkeson. 2000. Determination of mercury in crude oil by in situ thermal decomposition using a simple lab built system. Fresenius \' J. Anal. Chem. 367:8. Magaw, R., S. McMillen, W. Gala, J. Trefry, R. Trocine. 1999. Risk evaluation of metals in crude oils. In: Proc. for SPE/EPA Exploration & Production Environmental Conference, SPE Paper No. 52725. Morris, R. 2000. New TRI reporting rules on mercury. In: Proc. of the National Petroleum Refiners Association Meeting, San Antonio, Texas. Musa, M., W. Markus, A. Elghondi, R. Etwir, A. Hannan, and E. Arafa. 1995. Neutron activation analysis of major and trace elements in crude petroleum. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 198(1):17. Shah, K.R., R.H. Filby, and W.A. Haller. 1970. Determination of trace elements in petroleum by neutron activation analysis. J. Radioanal. Chem. 6:413. U.S. DOE. 2000. Energy statistics for 1998, 1999. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, National Energy Information Center, Washington, DC. U.S. EPA. 1997a. Locating and estimating air emissions from sources of mercury and mercury compounds. EPA/454/R-97/012. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality, Environmental Protection Planning and Standards Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. U.S. EPA. 1997b. Mercury Study Report to Congress. EPA/452/R-97/003. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC. Wilhelm, S. 2001. In press. An estimate of mercury emissions to the atmosphere from petroleum. Environ. Sci. Tech. Wilhelm, S., and N. Bloom. 2000. Mercury in petroleum. Fuel Proc. Technol. 63:1. Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",24);arrFiles[75]=new Array(76,"Publications/estimate.html","25 Jul 2010","Estimate of Mercury Emissions from Petroleum","Mercury Emissions from Petroleum, mercury emissions, mercury in petroleum","Estimate of Mercury Emissions from Petroleum","Estimate of Mercury Emissions from Petroleum MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : An Estimate of Mercury Emissions to the Atmosphere from Petroleum Wilhelm, S. M., An Estimate Mercury Emissions to the Atmosphere from Petroleum, Environ. Sci. Tech., Vol. 35, 24:4704 (2001). ABSTRACT An estimate of the contribution of mercury to the atmospheric environment from petroleum processed in the United States is constructed from recent data. The estimate is based on a mass balance approach for mercury in crude oil, in refined products and in waste streams (air, water, solid waste) from refineries. Although there are insufficient data at present to have a high degree of confidence in the mean amount and range of mercury concentrations in crude oil or in refined products, the framework of the estimate should assist direction for the acquisition of additional data. Based on selected data that put the estimated mean concentration of total mercury in crude oil close to 10 ppb, it is calculated that the total amount of mercury in U.S. petroleum processed yearly is slightly over 8,000 kg/year. Of this amount, approximately 6,000 kg/year is estimated to be emitted to the atmosphere from combustion of liquid hydrocarbon fuels, which represents about 10 percent of the U.S. yearly emission rate of atmospheric mercury from coal combustion. The material balance predicts that the amount of mercury in air emissions from all U.S. refineries is on the order of 1,500 kg/year based on the assumption that fugitive mercury emissions from refineries are negligible. Atmospheric emissions of mercury from fuel oil burned in the U.S. are estimated in the U.S. EPA Mercury Report to Congress to be approximately 10,000 kg/year and this estimate may be in error on the high side by a factor of 3 to 10. If the mean amounts of mercury in U.S. distillate and residual fuel oils are in the range of 5-15 ppb, as suggested by more recent data, then U.S. fuel oil combustion should contribute no more that about 1,000 to 3,000 kg/year (emission ratio = 1) of mercury to the atmospheric burden. Order the entire paper Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",6);arrFiles[76]=new Array(77,"Publications/SPE.html","25 Jul 2010","Mercury in U.S. Crude Oil: A Study by U.S. EPA, API and NPRA","mercury in crude oil, EPA mercury study, API mercury study, mercury in oil, mercury in petroleum","Mercury in U.S. Crude Oil: A Study by U.S. EPA, API and NPRA","Mercury in U.S. Crude Oil: A Study by U.S. EPA, API and NPRA MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury in U.S. Crude Oil: A Study by U.S. EPA, API and NPRA Wilhelm, S. M. and Kirchgessner, D., Mercury in U.S. Crude Oil: A Study by U.S. EPA, API and NPRA, SPE 80573, SPE/EPA/DOE Exploration and Production Environmental Conference held in San Antonio, Texas, 10-12 March, 2003. ABSTRACT The United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), in cooperation with the American Petroleum Institute (API) and the National Petrochemical and Refiners Association (NPRA), has initiated a project to determine the mercury content of crude oil processed in the United States. The focus of the project is to determine the mean concentration and range of concentrations of mercury (total) in crude oil in a statistical fashion. Data generated in the course of the project will be used to estimate an upper limit to the contribution of mercury in crude oil to anthropogenic mercury emissions in the United States. Portions of the project are examining analytical issues, determining concentration variance in crude oil streams and building a database on total mercury concentrations in crude oils processed in the United States. Limited data are reported that compare three analytical methods used to measure total mercury content in crude oils. The data demonstrate expected analytical method variance, detection limits and mercury species sensitivities. Aspects of the work in progress address questions concerning sampling methods, sample stability and mercury concentration variability in crude oils having a generic market identity. The plan for statistical sampling of crude oils processed in the U.S. is described in general terms. In addition to the environmental issues, mercury in crude oil has an impact on its market quality (price). Measuring mercury concentrations in crude oil is now becoming more important as mercury \'s impact on production and processing systems becomes better understood. The EPA/API/NPRA project should assist development of sampling and analysis methods for crude oil and also will assist researchers to study the distribution of mercury in produced fluids throughout production and processing systems. Request a copy Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",6);arrFiles[77]=new Array(78,"Publications/Hg%20in%20US%20Crude.html","25 Jul 2010","Mercury in Crude Oil","mercury, crude oil, Hg, mercury in crude oil","Mercury in Crude Oil","Mercury in US Crude Oil. MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury in Crude OilProcessed in the United States (2004) S. Mark Wilhelm, Lian Liang, Deborah Cussen, and David A.Kirchgessner Env. Sci. & Tech., American Chemical Society, Publishedon the Web - June, 2007. ABSTRACT The mean and range of concentrations of mercury in crude oil processedby U.S. refineries in 2004 were determined using two analytical methods. Onehundred seventy separate crude oil streams were sampled repetitively to obtain328 individual samples. Samples were retrieved immediately upstream of refinerytank farms. Losses of mercury during production, separation and transportationwere not examined. The arithmetic mean and median of 170 oil streams were 7.3and 1.3 µg/kg in total mercury, respectively. The total mercury concentration ofoil processed in the United States in year 2004, including all species and bothdissolved and suspended forms, expressed as a volume weighted mean wascalculated to be 3.5 ± 0.6 µg/kg. The range of measured concentrations extendedfrom below the analytical detection limit (0.5 µg/kg) to approximately 600µg/kg. Good agreement was found with other recent and independent studies ofmercury in crude oil refined in North America. The total amount of mercury incrude oil processed in the U.S. annually is less than five percent of the amountcontained in U.S. coal produced annually. Request the entire paper Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",5);arrFiles[78]=new Array(79,"Publications/galvanic%20corrosion.html","25 Jul 2010","Mercur- Steel Galvanic Corrosion","mercury corrosion, mercury galvanic corrosion, mercury cathode, hydrogen ion reduction, mercury polarization, mercury in pipelines","Galvanic corrosion by mercury in pipelines","Steel Mercury Galvanic Corrosion MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Galvanic Corrosion of SteelCoupled to Liquid Elemental Mercury in Pipelines S. M. Wilhelm MercuryTechnology Services, 23014 Lutheran Church Rd., Tomball, TX 77377 USA. smw@HgTech.com ABSTRACT Galvanic interactions between steeland liquid mercury were examined in aqueous environments that simulate watersfound in pipelines used in oil and natural gas transportation. Liquid elementalmercury is a poor cathode for hydrogen ion reduction and thus provides littlegalvanic influence to corrosion of steel in anaerobic aqueous systems containingeither hydrogen sulphide or carbon dioxide. The measurements confirm industryexperience that liquid mercury on steel in pipelines poses little risk toaccelerate corrosion reactions and thus to compromise structural integrity, atleast as far as galvanic corrosion is concerned. The measurements extend theconventional view of elemental mercury as a metal with low electrocatalyticefficiency for hydrogen ion reduction to environments containing mostly HS - and HCO 3 - . Keywords: mercury, galvanic corrosion, steel, pipelines. Request the entire paper Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: Search	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",6);arrFiles[79]=new Array(80,"Presentations/AIChE%202008.html","7 Jul 2010","Mercury Technology Services Presentation AIChE","mercury, presentation, risk, AIChE","Mercury Technology Services Presentation AIChE","Mercury Technology Services Presentation - AIChE 2008 MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : American Institute of Chemical Engineers(AIChE) April 2008 Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: Data	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology, All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[80]=new Array(81,"Presentations/Houston%202009.html","18 Jul 2010","Mercury Technology Services Presentation Houston","mercury, presentation, risk","Mercury Technology Services Presentation Houston","Mercury Technology Services Presentation - Houston 2009 MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Houston Mercury Seminar March 2009 Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: Data	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 Mercury Technology All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[81]=new Array(82,"Presentations/PFA%202007.html","18 Jul 2010","Mercury Technology Services Presentation Petrochemical Feedstock Association","mercury, Mercury Technology Services, Presentation, Petrochemical Feedstock Association","Mercury Technology Services Presentation Petrochemical Feedstock Association.","Mercury Technology Services Presentation Petrochemical Feedstock	Association MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Petrochemical Feedstock Association May 2007 Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: Data	:: Hg	Info	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[82]=new Array(83,"Presentations/Vietnam_SPE.html","18 Jul 2010","Viet Nam SPE Presentation","Mercury Technology Services, Presentation, Viet Nam, SPE","Mercury Technology Services Presentation Viet Nam SPE.","Mercury Technology Services Presentation Viet Nam SPE MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Vietnam - Ho Chi Minh City Society of Petroleum Engineers September 2006 Abstract Having mercury in produced fluids can be more than a mere nuisance. Prediction, early detection and accurate quantification of mercury are necessary to ensure equipment integrity, to comply with regulations and to establish policies for worker safety. High concentrations of mercury in natural gas and crude oil are found in several regions of the world, in particular Southeast Asia where operators have developed measures to cope with the major ramifications, but all such measures benefit from early recognition of potential problems and are assisted by tools that allow reliable prediction of impacts. Routine maintenance and inspection activities become non-routine when mercury is present in fluids above a few ppb and become especially problematic when mercury concentrations reach approximately 100 ppb. Mercury in crude oil or gas affects the quality and price of products in proportion to the measured concentrations of the chemical species of mercury that may be present. In rare cases, mercury can be present in sufficient quantity to interfere with the normal function of heat exchangers, separators and conditioning systems (amine, glycol, membranes, etc.). The presentation will discuss several aspects of field development, each important to prevent problems associated with mercury in reservoir fluids: Prediction of mercury from geological characteristics. Early recognition of mercury as a component of reservoir fluids. Prediction of the distribution of mercury to topside processes. Equipment and process design to avoid complications. Planning for mercury \'s effect on product quality. For each topic, the variation in approach caused the distribution of mercury species will be highlighted. Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology All rights reserved",6);arrFiles[83]=new Array(84,"Presentations/Intergas.html","18 Jul 2010","Mercury Technology Services Presentation Intergas, Egypt","mercury, Mercury Technology Services, Presentation, Intergas, Egypt","Mercury Technology Services Presentation Intergas.","Mercury Technology Services Presentation Intergas MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : INTERGAS III December 2005 Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[84]=new Array(85,"Presentations/Pattaya_JMC%202007.html","18 Jul 2010","Mercury Technology Services Presentation Pattaya 2007","mercury, Mercury Technology Services, Presentation, Pattaya, Thailand","Mercury Technology Services Presentation Pattaya 2007.","Mercury Technology Services Presentation Pattaya 2007 MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : JMC Seminar Pattaya Thailand November 2007 Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: Data	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[85]=new Array(86,"Presentations/API.html","7 Jul 2010","Mercury Technology Services Presentation API","mercury, API, presentation","Mercury Technology Services Presentation API.","Mercury Technology Services Presentation API MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : American Petroleum Institute (API) November 2005 Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[86]=new Array(87,"Presentations/Pattaya%20JMC_2005.html","18 Jul 2010","Mercury Technology Services Presentation Pattaya 2005","mercury, Mercury Technology Services, Presentation, Pattaya","Mercury Technology Services Presentation Pattaya 2005.","Mercury Technology Services Presentation Pattaya 2005 MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : JMC Seminar Pattaya Thailand October 2005 Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology, All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[87]=new Array(88,"Presentations/Egypt_RPI.html","7 Jul 2010","Mercury Technology Services Presenntation Egypt Petroleum Research Institute","Mercury Technology Services, Egypt, Petroleum Research Institute, mercury","Mercury Technology Services Presentation Egypt Petroleum Research Institute.","Mercury Technology Services Egypt Petroleum Research Institute MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute Cairo; August 2005 Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All Rights Reserved",4);arrFiles[88]=new Array(89,"Presentations/ASTM.html","7 Jul 2010","Mercury Technology Services Presentation ASTM","Mercury, Technology Services, Presentation, ASTM","Mercury Technology Services Presentation ASTM.","Mercury Technology Services Presentation ASTM MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTM) December 8, 2004 Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[89]=new Array(90,"Presentations/SPE.html","7 Jul 2010","Mercury Technology Services Presentation SPE","mercury, Mercury Technology Services, Presentation, SPE","Mercury Technology Services Presentation SPE.","Mercury Technology Services Presentation SPE MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Society of Petroleum Engineers March 2003 Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[90]=new Array(91,"Presentations/Flow_Assurance.html","7 Jul 2010","Mercury Technology Services Presentation Flow Assurance Forum 2004","Mercury Technology Services, Presentation, Flow Assurance Forum","Mercury Technology Services Presentation Flow Assurance Forum 2004.","Mercury Technology Services Presentation Flow Assurance Forum 2004 MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Flow Assurance Forum Galveston Texas; September 2004 Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services - All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[91]=new Array(92,"Basic/EPA_API_Project.html","1 Aug 2010","Mercury in Crude Oil - US EPA","mercury in crude oil, mercury in petroleum, mercury in oil, sampling crude oil for mercury, mercury in oil concentration, API, NPRA, EPA","Mercury Technology Services, US EPA Project, Mercury in US Crude Oil","Mercury in Crude Oil - US EPA MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency American Petroleum Institute National Petrochemical and Refiners Association Mercury in Crude Oil Investigation	(complete 2007)	The United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), in cooperation	with the American Petroleum Institute (API) and the National Petrochemical	and Refiners Association (NPRA), initiated a project in 2003 to determine	the mercury content of crude oil processed in the United States. The focus	of the project was to determine the mean concentration and the range of	concentrations of mercury (total) in U.S.-processed crude oil in a	statistical fashion. Data generated in the course of the project has been	used to estimate an upper limit to the contribution of mercury in fuels made	from crude oil to anthropogenic mercury emissions in the United States.	The project examined analytical issues, concentration variance in major crude oil streams and	sensitivity of the calculated mean to new import sources.	In addition to the environmental issues, mercury in crude oil has an impact	on its perceived quality in the market place. Measuring mercury	concentrations in crude oil has become more important as mercury \'s impact on	production and processing systems has become better understood. The EPA/API/NPRA	project has played a key role in the development of sampling and analysis	methods for determination of mercury concentrations in crude oil. In	addition, the project has contributed information to assist researchers	involved with understanding the distribution of mercury in produced fluids	throughout production and processing systems. Publications from the project: SPE/EPA/DOE Exploration and Production Environmental Conference (SPE) Sampling and Analysis of Mercury in Crude Oil (ASTM) Identification and Properties of Mercury Species in Crude Oil (ACS Energy & Fuel) Mercury in Crude Oil	Processed in the United States (2004) (ES&T)	.. \\Information \\Mercury_Information.html Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: Hg Info	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",6);arrFiles[92]=new Array(93,"News/New%20Research%20Project%201Dec08.pdf","18 May 2010","Proposed Scope of Work","","","Mercury Technology Services 23014 Lutheran Church Rd. Tomball, Texas 77377 www.HgTech.com  December 1, 2008  New Research Project ­ Interaction of Mercury with Metal Surfaces  Many in the oil and gas industry have known anecdotally that steel equipment, tanks and pipe that contact mercury-laden process streams retain substantial amounts of mercury. The process is seemingly reversible (what goes in can come out). The mercury species involved is most likely elemental mercury because mercury evolved from contaminated steel is a volatile species. In locations where mercury is known to be present in process streams or produced fluids, rigorous safety precautions are employed to detect mercury vapor in workplace atmospheres encountered when steel vessels are opened for maintenance or inspection purposes. Likewise, the industry is cognizant of mercury vapor liberated when process piping is subjected to welding or other types of hot work. The suspected mechanisms of uptake of (elemental) mercury by steels are largely uninvestigated but thought to be one or a combination of the following: · Adsorption to the surface corrosion scale and underlying metal interface · · · · · · Chemisorption to the surface corrosion scale and underlying metal interface Chemical incorporation into steel corrosion scale or mill scale Amalgamation with steel at the steel/corrosion scale interface Incorporation by diffusion into the steel lattice Incorporation by diffusion into the steel grain boundaries Reaction with grain boundary constituents or steel alloying elements  Mercury Technology Services is pleased to offer a proposal for laboratory research services directed to understanding mercury uptake by metals and ways to remove mercury contamination from surfaces. The anticipated benefits that will derive from successful completion of the research tasks are as follows: · Development of methods to measure the amount of mercury contamination (per unit surface area) and location (depth of penetration) in steels and stainless steels. · Ranking of common alloys for ability to adsorb (or absorb) elemental mercury. · Determination of rates of mercury vapor emission from vessels and pipelines as a function of amount of surface contamination. · Prediction and remediation of mercury contamination in tankers. · Estimation of cargo contamination in tankers. · Prediction of mercury lag times in pipelines. · Development of methods to measure mercury contamination in steel that can be applied in the field. · Determination of effectiveness of surface decontamination treatments. · Prediction of mercury loss in drill stem tests for mercury.  Companies interested to participate should contact Mark Wilhelm (smw@HgTech.com).  1/1    ",23);arrFiles[93]=new Array(94,"Publications/IPTC%20KL%202008_files/filelist.xml","25 Jul 2010","filelist.xml","","","",1);arrFiles[94]=new Array(95,"images/MISC/Box_and_Tower.jpg","18 May 2010","Box_and_Tower.jpg","","","",101);arrFiles[95]=new Array(96,"Data/Hg_Properties/Hg_Density.html","12 Jul 2010","Density of Elemental Mercury","mercury data, density of elemental mercury, mercury density, properties of mercury, density of mercury","Density of Elemental Mercury","Mercury Technology Services - Mercury Data -	Density of Elemental Mercury MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Elemental Mercury Density IUPAC, 1987, Mercury in Liquids, Compressed	Gases, Molten Salts and Other Elements, Volume 29; International Union of	Pure and Applied Chemistry Solubility Data Series , Pergamon	Press, H. Clever, editor, New York, NY. For information only - consult original	references for applicability. Mercury Data Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[96]=new Array(97,"Data/Hg_Properties/Hg_Viscosity.html","12 Jul 2010","Viscosity of Elemental Mercury","Viscosity of Elemental Mercury, viscosity of mercury, mercury viscosity, properties of mercury, mercury data","Viscosity of Elemental Mercury","Viscosity of Elemental Mercury MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Elemental Mercury Viscosity Beer, S. Z. Liquid Metals ; Marcel Dekker Inc.: New	York, 1972. For information only - consult original	references for applicability. Mercury Data Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 1996-2007 Mercury Technology All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[97]=new Array(98,"Data/Hg_Properties/Henry_Constant_Hg_DMg.html","12 Jul 2010","Henry  \\'s Constant Elemental Mercury and Dimethylmercury in Toluene","Henry s Constant, Henry s Constant for Elemental Mercury, Henry s Constant for Dimethylmercury in Toluene","Henry s Constant Elemental Mercury and Dimethylmercury in Toluene","Henry \'s Constant Elemental Mercury and Dimethylmercury in Toluene MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Henry \'s Constant Elemental Mercury and Dimethylmercury in Toluene Wilhelm, S. M., Liang, L., Kirchgessner, D., Identification and Properties of Mercury Species in Crude Oil, Energy and Fuel, ACS,	2006. For information only - consult original	references for applicability. Mercury Data Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 1996-2007 Mercury Technology All rights reserved",5);arrFiles[98]=new Array(99,"Data/Hg_Properties/Hg_Water_Solubility.html","12 Jul 2010","Solubility of Elemental Mercury in Water","mercury solubility, mercury solubility in water, mercury in water, solubility of mercury in water","Solubility of Elemental Mercury in Water","Solubility of Elemental Mercury in Water MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Elemental Mercury Solubility in Water IUPAC, 1987, Mercury in Liquids, Compressed	Gases, Molten Salts and Other Elements, Volume 29; International Union of	Pure and Applied Chemistry Solubility Data Series , Pergamon	Press, H. Clever, editor, New York, NY. For information only - consult original	references for applicability. Mercury Data Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 Mercury Technology All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[99]=new Array(100,"Data/Hg_Properties/Metals_in_Mercury.html","12 Jul 2010","Solubility of Metals in Liquid Elemental Mercury","Solubility of Metals in Mercury, metals in mercury, solubility of metals, metal solubility in mercury","Solubility of Metals in Liquid Elemental Mercury","Solubility of Metals in Liquid Elemental Mercury MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Solubility of Metals in Liquid Elemental Mercury IUPAC, 1986, Metals in Mercury, Vol. 25 ; International Union of	Pure and Applied Chemistry Solubility Data Series , C. Hirayama, Z. Galus and C. Guminski, eds., Pergamon	Press, H. Clever, editor, New York, NY. For information only - consult original	references for applicability. Mercury Data Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 1996-2007 Mercury Technology All rights reserved",5);arrFiles[100]=new Array(101,"Data/Hg_Properties/Diffusion_Al_in_Hg.html","12 Jul 2010","Diffusion of Aluminum in Liquid Mercury","diffusion of aluminum in mercury, aluminum in mercury, liquid metal embrittlement, diffusion of aluminum","Diffusion of Aluminum in Liquid Mercury","Diffusion of Aluminum in Liquid Mercury MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Diffusion of Aluminum in Liquid Mercury Ziegel, S., Peled, E., and Gileadi, E., Measurement of the Diffusion Coefficient of Aluminum in Mercury, Electrochemica Acta , 24, 513 (1979). For information only - consult original	references for applicability. Mercury Data Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 1996-2007 Mercury Technology All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[101]=new Array(102,"Data/Oil/Crude_Oil_data.html","2 Jul 2010","Mercury in Crude Oil","mercury in crude oil, crude oil mercury, mercury species in crude oil, mercury in oil refineries","Mercury in Crude Oil","Mercury in Crude Oil Data MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury in Crude Oil (Data Prior to Year 2000) Thefollowing compilation is historical. The more recent calculation of the averagemercury in US crude oil is calculated here . Table 1 - THg in Crude Oil by INAA (7) Source Amount(ppb) SD(ppb) Notes California 114 2.8 Detection Limit = 4 ppb California 81 1.9 California 88 3.0 California 29,688 103.9 Cymric California 78 2.4 Libya 2,079 11.9 Libya 62 5.1 Libya 75 1.7 Louisiana 23 1.8 Wyoming 77 3.4 Mean 3,200 Range 23 - 30,000 ppb Table 2 - THg in Alberta Crude Oils (9) Strata Number of Samples Number Above DL High (ppb) Low (ppb) Mean* (ppb) Median (ppb) SD Detection Limit (ppb) Upper Cretaceous 21 11 202 DL 17.6 2.5 46.0 2 Upper Cretaceous 18 7 138 DL 17.1 1 38.1 2 Jurassic 3 0 1 DL 1 1 2 Triassic 4 2 6 DL 6 2.5 2.4 2 Carboniferous 8 4 19 DL 5 1.5 6.3 2 Devonian 36 13 399 DL 36 1 92.5 2 Total 86 38 399 DL 21.9 1 63.6 * calculated assuming Table 3 - THg in Crude Oil and Gas Condensates Reference Type Number of Samples Range (ppb) THg (ppb) mean SD Detection Limit (ppb) Musa (12) Crude Oil 7 0.1 - 12 3 4.2 2 Liang (13) Crude Oil 11 1 - 7 4 1 Bloom (14) Crude Oil 76 NR* 1,505 3,278 All Bloom (14) Crude Oil 39 NR 1.2 1.5 Lowest 39 samples Bloom (14) Crude Oil 37 NR 3,009 4,140 Highest 37 samples Tao (15) Crude Oil 1 Asia Olsen (16) Condensate 4 NR 15 Bloom (14) Condensate 18 NR 3,964 11,665 Lowest 8 samples Bloom (14) Condensate 8 NR 7,113 15,240 Highest 10 samples Bloom (14) Condensate 10 NR 3,009 4,140 Highest 37 samples Shafawi (17) Condensate 5 9 - 63 30 18.6 S.E. Asia Tao (15) Condensate 7 15 - 173 40 Asian * NR - not reported Table 4 - Recent THg in Crude Oil Data Reference Type Number of Samples Range (ppb) Mean THg (ppb) SD Detection Limit (ppb) Magaw (18) Crude Oil 2 Middle east Magaw (18) Crude Oil 4 Africa Magaw (18) Crude Oil 11 ND - 1,560 146 North America 1,560 Cymric Magaw (18) Crude Oil 4 Asia Magaw (18) Crude Oil 4 South America Magaw (18) Crude Oil 1 North Sea Morris (19) Crude Oil 7 1.0 -3.2 1.7 Africa Morris (19) Crude Oil 2 2.4 - 5.7 4.3 Middle East Morris (19) Crude Oil 1 1.9 1.9 Canada Morris (19) Crude Oil 4 2.5 - 9.3 5.0 North Sea Morris (19) Crude Oil 2 0.1 - 2.7 1.4 Mexico Morris (19) Crude Oil 6 0.8 - 12.3 5.2 South America Morris (19) Crude Oil 1 3.1 3.1 Mixed EC (20) Crude Oil 11 U.S. EC (20) Crude Oil 2 Canada EC (20) Crude Oil 2 Mexico EC (20) Crude Oil 3 South America EC (20) Crude Oil 2 North Sea Duo (21) Crude Oil 8 1.6 Canadian Imports References Mercury Study Report to Congress, Volume II: An Inventory of Anthropogenic Mercury Emissions in the United States; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards, Washington DC and Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1997; EPA-452/R-97-004. Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act - Section 313: Guidance for Reporting Toxic Chemicals: Mercury and Mercury Compounds Category, DRAFT; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Information Analysis & Access, Washington, DC, November 2000; EPA-745/B-00-00X. Wilhelm, S.; Bloom, N. Fuel Proc. Technol., 2000, 63, 1. Brooks, G. Estimating Air Toxic Emissions from Coal and Oil Combustion Sources; Radian Corporation Report to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality: Environmental Protection Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1989; EPA-450/2-89-001. Locating And Estimating Air Emissions From Sources Of Mercury And Mercury Compounds, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality: Environmental Protection Planning And Standards Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1997; EPA-454/R-97-012. Study of Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions from Electric Utility Steam Generating Units -- Final Report to Congress; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality: Environmental Protection Planning and Standards Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1998; EPA-453/R-98-004a. Shah, K. R.; Filby, R. H.; Haller, W. A. J. Radioanal. Chem. 1970, 6, 413. Filby, R. H.; Shah, K. R. In The Role of Trace Metals in Petroleum; Yen, T. F. Ed., Ann Arbor Science Publishers: Ann Arbor, MI, 1975. Hitchon, B.; Filby, R. Geochemical Studies - Trace Elements in Alberta Crude Oils; Open File Report 1983-02, Alberta Research Council for Alberta Energy and Utilities Board and Alberta Geological Survey: Alberta, Canada, 1983. Hitchon, B.; Filby, R. H.; Shah, K. R., In The Role of Trace Metals in Petroleum; Yen, T. F. ed., Ann Arbor Science Publishers: Ann Arbor, MI, 1975. Energy Statistics for 1998, 1999, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, National Energy Information Center, Washington, DC, 2000. Musa, M.; Markus, W.; Elghondi, A.; Etwir, R.; Hannan, A.; Arafa, E. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1995, 198 (1), 17. Liang, L.; Lazoff, S.; Horvat, M.; Swain, E.; Gilkeson, J. Fresenius \' J. Anal. Chem., 2000, 367, 8. Bloom, N. S. Fresenius \' J. Anal. Chem., 2000, 366, 438. Tao, H.; Murakami, T.; Tominaga, M.; Miyazaki, A, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1998, 13, 1085H. Olsen, S.; Westerlund, S.; Visser, R. Analyst, 1997, 122, 12. Shafawi, A., Ebdon, L., Foulkes, M., Stockwell, P., and Corns, W., Analyst, 1999, 124,185. Magaw, R.I.; McMillen, S.J.; Gala, W.R.; Trefry, J.H.; Trocine, R.P., Risk evaluation of metals in crude oils, SPE/EPA Exploration & Production Environmental Conference, SPE Paper 52725, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Dallas, TX, 1999. Morris, R. New TRI Reporting Rules on Mercury, presented at National Petroleum Refiners Association Meeting, San Antonio, Texas, September 2000. Environment Canada, Properties of Crude Oils and Oil Products - 12/99, Emergencies Science Division, Ontario, Canada, 2000. Duo, W.; Guthrie, T.; Edwards, W. C.; Mercury Emissions From The Petroleum Refining Sector In Canada, Report to Environment Canada, Trans-boundary Air Issues Branch, Hazardous Air Pollutants Program, Ottawa, Canada, Contract K2216-9-0078, 2000. Liang, L.; Horvat, M.; Danilchik, P. Sci. Tot. Environ., 1996, 187, 57. Carter, W.; Buening, H.; Hunter, S. Emission Reduction on Two Industrial Boilers with Major Combustion Modification, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1978; EPA-600/7-78-099a. Slater, S. and Hall, R., Electricity Generation by Utilities: 1974 Nationwide Emissions Estimates, AIChE Symposium Series No. 165, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, pp. 291-311, 1977 Shih, C.; Ackerman, D.; Scinto, L.; Moon, E.; Fishman, E. POM Emissions from Stationary Conventional Combustion Processes, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Industrial Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA Contract 68-02-3138, 1980. Castaldini, C.; Waterland, L.; Mason, H. Combustion Modifications Controls for Residential and Commercial Heating Systems, Vol. II - Oil-Fired Residential Fuel Test, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Industrial Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1981; EPA-600/7-81-123b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Unified Air Toxics Program: Electric Utility Steam Generating Units Hazardous Air Pollutant Emission Study; www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/combust/utiltox/utoxpg.html, 2000. Chao, S.; Attari, A. Characterization and Measurement of Natural Gas Trace Constituents, Part 1: Natural Gas Survey, Institute of Gas Technology Report to Gas Research Institute, Contract No. 5089-253-1832, Gas Research Institute, Chicago, IL, 1993. Ruddy, D. Final Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards and Pre-treatment for the Petroleum Refining Point Source Category, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1982. EPA/440/1-82/014. Waste Minimization for Selected Petroleum Refining Residuals, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste, Washington DC; 1996; EPA/530/R-96/009. Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology All rights reserved",28);arrFiles[102]=new Array(103,"Data/Oil/Refined_Products.html","12 Jul 2010","Mercury in Refined Products","mercury, Mercury in Refined Products, mercury in naphtha, mercury in gasoline, mercury in diesel","Mercury in Refined Products","Mercury in Refined Products MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury in Refined Products Table 5 - THg in Refined Products Reference Type Number of Samples Range (ppb) Mean THg (ppb) SD Detection Limit (ppb) Liang (22) Gasoline 5 0.22 - 1.43 0.7 NR U.S. Liang (22)) Gasoline 4 0.72 - 3.2 1.5 NR Foreign Liang (22) Diesel 1 0.4 0.4 NR U.S. Liang (22) Diesel 1 2.97 2.97 NR Foreign Liang (22) Kerosene 1 0.04 0.04 NR U.S. Liang (22) Heating Oil 1 0.59 0.59 NR U.S. Bloom (14) Light distillates 14 NR* 1.32 2.81 U.S. Bloom (14) Utility fuel oil 32 NR 0.67 0.96 U.S. Bloom (14) Asphalt 10 NR 0.27 0.32 U.S. Olsen (16) Naphtha 4 3 - 40 15 NR Tao (15) Naphtha 3 8 - 60 40 NR Asian U.S. EPA (27) Petroleum Coke 1000 0 - 250 50 0.05 U.S. * NR - not reported Table 6 - Data for THg in Fuel Oils Used by U.S. EPA to Calculate Emission Factors Reference Type Number of Samples Range (ppb) Mean (ppb) SD Detection Limit (ppb) Carter (23) RFO #6 3 Brooks (4) Slater (24) RFO #6 20 Brooks (4) Shih (25) RFO #6 11 7 - 170 66 50 Brooks (4) Castaldini (26) DFO #2 400 Brooks (4) U.S. EPA (5) RFO #6 2 - 6 4(mediam) U.S. EPA (5) DFO #2 U.S. EPA (5) RFO #6 9.2 References Mercury Study Report to Congress, Volume II: An Inventory of Anthropogenic Mercury Emissions in the United States; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards, Washington DC and Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1997; EPA-452/R-97-004. Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act - Section 313: Guidance for Reporting Toxic Chemicals: Mercury and Mercury Compounds Category, DRAFT; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Information Analysis & Access, Washington, DC, November 2000; EPA-745/B-00-00X. Wilhelm, S.; Bloom, N. Fuel Proc. Technol., 2000, 63, 1. Brooks, G. Estimating Air Toxic Emissions from Coal and Oil Combustion Sources; Radian Corporation Report to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality: Environmental Protection Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1989; EPA-450/2-89-001. Locating And Estimating Air Emissions From Sources Of Mercury And Mercury Compounds, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality: Environmental Protection Planning And Standards Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1997; EPA-454/R-97-012. Study of Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions from Electric Utility Steam Generating Units -- Final Report to Congress; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality: Environmental Protection Planning and Standards Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1998; EPA-453/R-98-004a. Shah, K. R.; Filby, R. H.; Haller, W. A. J. Radioanal. Chem. 1970, 6, 413. Filby, R. H.; Shah, K. R. In The Role of Trace Metals in Petroleum; Yen, T. F. Ed., Ann Arbor Science Publishers: Ann Arbor, MI, 1975. Hitchon, B.; Filby, R. Geochemical Studies - Trace Elements in Alberta Crude Oils; Open File Report 1983-02, Alberta Research Council for Alberta Energy and Utilities Board and Alberta Geological Survey: Alberta, Canada, 1983. Hitchon, B.; Filby, R. H.; Shah, K. R., In The Role of Trace Metals in Petroleum; Yen, T. F. ed., Ann Arbor Science Publishers: Ann Arbor, MI, 1975. Energy Statistics for 1998, 1999, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, National Energy Information Center, Washington, DC, 2000. Musa, M.; Markus, W.; Elghondi, A.; Etwir, R.; Hannan, A.; Arafa, E. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1995, 198 (1), 17. Liang, L.; Lazoff, S.; Horvat, M.; Swain, E.; Gilkeson, J. Fresenius \' J. Anal. Chem., 2000, 367, 8. Bloom, N. S. Fresenius \' J. Anal. Chem., 2000, 366, 438. Tao, H.; Murakami, T.; Tominaga, M.; Miyazaki, A, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1998, 13, 1085H. Olsen, S.; Westerlund, S.; Visser, R. Analyst, 1997, 122, 12. Shafawi, A., Ebdon, L., Foulkes, M., Stockwell, P., and Corns, W., Analyst, 1999, 124,185. Magaw, R.I.; McMillen, S.J.; Gala, W.R.; Trefry, J.H.; Trocine, R.P., Risk evaluation of metals in crude oils, SPE/EPA Exploration & Production Environmental Conference, SPE Paper 52725, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Dallas, TX, 1999. Morris, R. New TRI Reporting Rules on Mercury, presented at National Petroleum Refiners Association Meeting, San Antonio, Texas, September 2000. Environment Canada, Properties of Crude Oils and Oil Products - 12/99, Emergencies Science Division, Ontario, Canada, 2000. Duo, W.; Guthrie, T.; Edwards, W. C.; Mercury Emissions From The Petroleum Refining Sector In Canada, Report to Environment Canada, Trans-boundary Air Issues Branch, Hazardous Air Pollutants Program, Ottawa, Canada, Contract K2216-9-0078, 2000. Liang, L.; Horvat, M.; Danilchik, P. Sci. Tot. Environ., 1996, 187, 57. Carter, W.; Buening, H.; Hunter, S. Emission Reduction on Two Industrial Boilers with Major Combustion Modification, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1978; EPA-600/7-78-099a. Slater, S. and Hall, R., Electricity Generation by Utilities: 1974 Nationwide Emissions Estimates, AIChE Symposium Series No. 165, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, pp. 291-311, 1977 Shih, C.; Ackerman, D.; Scinto, L.; Moon, E.; Fishman, E. POM Emissions from Stationary Conventional Combustion Processes, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Industrial Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, EPA Contract 68-02-3138, 1980. Castaldini, C.; Waterland, L.; Mason, H. Combustion Modifications Controls for Residential and Commercial Heating Systems, Vol. II - Oil-Fired Residential Fuel Test, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Industrial Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1981; EPA-600/7-81-123b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Unified Air Toxics Program: Electric Utility Steam Generating Units Hazardous Air Pollutant Emission Study; www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/combust/utiltox/utoxpg.html, 2000. • Return to Coal Data Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: Data	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",16);arrFiles[103]=new Array(104,"Data/Oil/Fuel_Oil.html","2 Jul 2010","Mercury in Fuel Oil","Mercury Concentration in Fuel Oil","Mercury in Fuel Oil","Mercury in Fuel Oil MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury in Fuel Oil March 25, 2005 Re: Mercury in Fuel Oil Mercury Technology Services (MTS), specifically its principal scientist - S. Mark Wilhelm, Ph.D., was asked to comment on the concentration of mercury in fuel oils and the amount of mercury that may be emitted to the atmosphere when fuel oils are burned. Background The discussion to follow adopts the ASTM D396-04 definitions and specifications for grades of fuel oil used in oil-burning equipment. These general grade descriptions are as follows: Grade #1, #1 (Low Sulfur), #2, and #2 (Low Sulfur) are middle distillate fuels for use in domestic and small industrial burners. Grades #4 (Light) and #4 are heavy distillate fuels or distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosity range. Grades #5 (Light), #5 (Heavy), and #6 are residual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used in industrial burners. Mercury in Fuel Oils Wilhelm [1] reviewed mercury in fuel oil data in 2001. Essentially all of the measurements of mercury in fuel oil prior to 2001 were conducted on oils for utility and industrial boilers. At that time, a considerable disagreement existed between data acquired prior to roughly 1995 and more recent data. The older data were much higher on average than more recent data. The disagreement was attributed to the evolution of analytical methods for mercury in oil [2 - 4]. In the 2001 review, data for mercury in fuel oils collected between 1995 and 2001suggested that the earlier U.S. EPA data compilations, and estimates of emissions based on them, were biased high. Origin of EPA Estimates for Mercury in Fuel Oil and Associated Emissions The U.S. EPA \'s opinion on mercury in fuel oil is stated in its recent report on mercury flows in the United States [5]. Excerpt from [5]: Data are available quantifying the amount of fuel oil used in utility, non-utility, and residential applications. For the utility and non-utility sectors, the quantity of fuel oil used in 1996 is as follows (USEPA 1999d): Utility, residual oil: 3,900 million gallons Utility, distillate oil: 684 million gallons Non-utility, residual oil: 3,100 million gallons Non-utility distillate oil: 5,500 million gallons For the residential sector, the quantity of oil is not directly available. However, the heating content of oil used in the non-utility and residential sectors is reported as 2,180 and 880 trillion Btu, respectively, in 1994. Assuming that the heating value of oil used in these two sectors is similar, and that only distillate oil is used for residential applications, the quantity of oil estimated to be used in residential applications is 3,500 million gallons of distillate oil. The mercury content of these fuels is expected to be variable. Minnesota (1999) [6] provides estimates of the mercury content of product oils, reporting that residual oil has 0.004 ppm mercury and distillate oil has 0.001 ppm mercury. Using the concentration data together with the above volume data provides the following estimates for the mercury content of raw materials in 1996: Utility: 0.06 tons of mercury (corresponding to 0.06 tons from residual oil and 0.003 tons from distillate oil) Non-utility: 0.07 tons of mercury (corresponding to 0.05 tons from residual oil and 0.02 tons from distillate oil) Residential: 0.01 tons of mercury (corresponding to 0.01 tons from distillate oil). Air Releases - The estimates of mercury releases from utility, non-utility, and residential combustion of oil vary depending on the mercury emission factors that were used in the calculations. These estimates are as follows: Utility: 0.2 tons/year Non-utility: 5.0 - 7.7 tons Residential: 2.8 - 3.2 tons For utility boilers, mercury emissions were estimated using emissions data available from 58 emission tests conducted by USEPA, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), the Department of Energy (USDOE), and individual utilities. Boiler-specific emission estimates were then calculated by multiplying the calculated inlet mercury concentration by the appropriate emission factor for each boiler configuration and control device. For non-utility and residential boilers, the ranges account for the different mercury emission factors for oil that were used in the Mercury Study Report to Congress (USEPA 1997a) and in Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of Mercury and Mercury Compounds (USEPA 1997b) [8]. The following factors were used in the Report to Congress: Residual Oil (No. 6): 2.9 kg/10 15 J Distillate Oil (No. 2): 3.0 kg/10 15 J The following emission factors were used in the Locating and Estimating Air Emissions document: Residual Oil (No. 6): 2.7 kg/10 15 J Distillate Oil (No. 2): 0.02 kg/10 15 J The mercury emission factors for residual oil and distillate oil were multiplied by oil consumption estimates in order to estimate the amount of mercury released to air. The estimates of air releases of mercury that EPA promulgated in [5] are inconsistent. When based on actual measurements, utility mercury discharges are 25 times less than estimates for non-utility discharges that are based on mercury concentration in oil data. It should be noted that the amounts of fuel oil consumed by utility and non-utility sources are roughly the same. Emission factors for residual and distillate fuel oil (non-utility sources) were based on the mean of published values for mercury concentrations in fuel oil compiled in [8] and available at that time (1989). Excerpt from [8]: Concentrations of mercury in fuel oil depend upon the type of oil used. No comprehensive oil characterization studies have been done, but data in the literature report mercury concentrations in crude oil ranging from 0.023 to 30 ppmwt, while the range of concentrations in residual oil is 0.007 to 0.17 ppm wt. Because only a single mean value was found in the literature for mercury concentration in distillate oil, no conclusions can be drawn about the range of mercury in distillate oil. Table 6-11 lists typical values for mercury in oils, which were obtained by taking the average of the mean values found in the literature. The value for distillate oil is the single data point found in the literature and may not be as representative as the values for residual and crude oils. Table 6-11 - Mercury Concentration in Oil By Oil Type Mercury concentration, ppm wt. Fuel oil type - Range Typical value Residual No. 6 - 0.002-0.006 0.004 a Distillate No. 2 - - b Crude 46 0.007-30 3.5 c Source: References 40 [9], 50, 56. a Midpoint of the range of values. b Average of data from three sites. c Average of 46 data points was 6.86; if the single point value of 23.1 is eliminated, average based on 45 remaining data points is 1.75. However, the largest study with 43 data points had an average of 3.2 ppmwt. A compromise value of 3.5 ppmwt was selected as the best typical value. The Brooks report [9] compiled published values of mercury in fuel oil concentration available in 1989. More Recent Data and Estimates The principal studies of mercury in fuel oils conducted since 1995 are as follows: Bloom [10] measured mercury concentrations in 32 samples of utility fuel oil and found a mean concentration of 0.67 ?g/kg (standard deviation 0.96). Mercury concentrations in lighter distillates (gasoline, diesel) were 1.32 µg/kg (SD = 2.81). Liang [11] measured the mercury concentration in one sample of heating oil and found 0.59 µg/kg. Rising [12] examined metals in fuel oil from 13 sites in the U.S. and found mercury below detection limits (reported as 0.2 ppb). From [12]: Mercury in Crude Oil Wilhelm [1] reviewed mercury in crude oil data in 2001. The data available at that time showed a similar pattern to the fuel oil data. The data acquired in the 1970 \'s and 1980 \'s were biased high due to the focus of analysts on oils that were problematic due to their mercury content. The mean concentration of mercury in crude oil that was calculated in 2001, based on studies published between roughly 1995 and 2001, was estimated to be less than 5 ppb (see [1] for a detailed discussion). U.S. EPA, in cooperation with the American Petroleum Institute (API) and the National Petrochemical and Refiners Association (NPRA), is presently involved in a project to determine the mercury content of crude oil processed in the United States [13]. The focus of the project is to determine the mean concentration and range of concentrations of total mercury in crude oil accurately and with statistical justification. Data generated in the project will be used to calculate the maximum potential contribution of crude oil mercury to anthropogenic mercury emissions in the United States. The sampling and analytical methods that have been developed in the course of this project [13, 14] have been applied to fuels only recently. Recent data for average mercury content in crude oil (THg Conclusions The average concentration of mercury in fuel oils that feed combustion devices in the U.S. is close to 1 (+/- 1) ?g/kg based on the recently available data. It is expected that fuel oil products will exhibit mercury concentrations that reflect the concentration of mercury in the crude oils processed by the refinery. An understanding of the variability of mercury in fuel oil concentrations, both regionally and nationally, awaits focused studies. There is no reason to believe, based on recent data for mercury in crude oils and fuel oils, that refineries produce fuel oils with mercury concentrations that exceed the mercury content of the crude oils they process. Mercury emissions from combustion sources can be no greater that that amount expected based on mercury in fuels. As opposed to the time frame of early EPA estimates, newly developed methods for sampling and analysis of mercury in liquid hydrocarbons [11, 13, 14] are capable to measure mercury concentrations with good accuracy and precision. Actual emission monitoring for mercury content have also evolved positively. Admittedly, it would be helpful to have a more statistical estimate of mercury in fuel oil, especially home heating oil but the tools to construct such a database are only recently available. The early data of U.S. EPA, and the methods that are used to calculate emission factors from them, need to be re-evaluated and amended in light of the evolution of analytical methods and the revelations of recently acquired data on mercury in fuel oils. References Wilhelm, S. M., An Estimate Mercury Emissions to the Atmosphere from Petroleum, Environ. Sci. Tech., Vol. 35, 24, p. 4704, 2001. Kelly, W.R., Long, S.E., Mann, J.L., Determination of mercury in SRM crude oils and refined products by isotope dilution cold vapor ICP-MS using closed-system combustion, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., Vol. 376, pp. 753-758, 2003. Liang, L., Horvat, M., Fajon, V., Prosenc, N., Li, H., Pang, P., Comparison of Improved Combustion/Trap Technique to Wet Extraction Methods for Determination of Mercury in Crude Oil and Related Products by Atomic Fluorescence, Energy & Fuels, Vol. 17, 5, pp. 1175-1179, 2003. Liang, L., Lazoff, S., Horvat, M., Swain, E., Gilkeson, J., One Step Determination of Mercury in Crude Oil and Related Products Using a Simple Lab Built Thermal Decomposition System, Fresenius \' J. of Anal. Chem., Vol. 367, pp. 8-11, 2000. U.S. EPA, Use and Release of Mercury in the United States, EPA/600/R-02/104, December 2002. Minnesota Dept. Environmental Quality, Mercury in Petroleum Refining; Crude Oil and Refined Products. Final Report to Legislative Commission on Minnesota Resources, August 20, 1999. Wilhelm, S.M. and Kirchgessner, D.A., Mercury in U.S. Crude Oil: A Study by U.S. EPA, API and NPRA, SPE/EPA/DOE Exploration and Production Environmental Conference, San Antonio, Texas, Society of Petroleum Engineers Paper 80573, 2003. U.S. EPA, Locating And Estimating Air Emissions From Sources Of Mercury And Mercury Compounds; United States Office Of Air Quality, Planning And Standards; December 1997, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; EPA-454/R-97-012. G. Brooks, 1989. Brooks, G. Estimating Air Toxic Emissions from Coal and Oil Combustion, EPA-450/2-89-001, Prepared by Radian Corporation for U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. April 1989. Bloom, N.S., Analysis and Stability of Mercury Speciation in Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Fresenius \' J. Anal. Chem., Vol. 366(5), p. 438, 2000. Liang, L., Horvat, M. and Danilchik, P., A Novel Analytical Method for Determination of Picogram Levels of Total Mercury in Gasoline and Other Petroleum- based Products, Sci. Tot. Environ., 187, 57 (1996). Rising, B., Sorurbakhsh, P., Wu, J., Survey Of Ultra-Trace Metals In Gas Turbine Fuels, Proceedings 11th Annual International Petroleum Environmental Conference, Albuquerque, NM, October 2004. Wilhelm, S.M. and Kirchgessner, D.A., Mercury in U.S. Crude Oil: A Study by U.S. EPA, API and NPRA, SPE/EPA/DOE Exploration and Production Environmental Conference, San Antonio, Texas, Society of Petroleum Engineers Paper 80573, 2003. Wilhelm, S. M., Kirchgessner, D. A., Liang, L., and Kariher, P., Sampling and Analysis of Mercury in Crude Oil, Journal of ASTM International, in press, Paper 12985, 2005. S. Mark Wilhelm, Ph.D. President and Principal Scientist Mercury Technology Services Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 Mercury Technology All rights reserved",19);arrFiles[104]=new Array(105,"Data/Other/Tires_Hist.html","2 Jul 2010","Mercury in Automobile Tires","mercury, mercury in tires, mercury in automobile tires, mercury concentration","Mercury Concentration in Automobile Tires","Mercury in Automobile Tires MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Hg in Automobile Tires Email Us Home :: Profile	:: Data :: Research :: Services :: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 Mercury Technology All rights reserved",3);arrFiles[105]=new Array(106,"Data/Coal/Coal.html","18 Jul 2010","Mercury in US Coal","mercury in lignite, mercury in bituminous, mercuy in anthracite, mercury in coal, mercury in US coal","Mercury in US Coal","Mercury Technology Services - Concentration Data -	Mercury in US Coal MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury in Coal Mercury is present in coal and some is emitted to the atmosphere when coal is burned in power plants. The U.S. EPA has required the electric utilities that burn coal to document the amount of mercury in their feed stocks. Below are links to plots of the data through the end of 1999. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Unified Air Toxics Program: Electric Utility Steam Generating Units Hazardous Air Pollutant Emission Study, 2000, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/combust/utiltox/utoxpg.html#DA3 The scatter plots show relationships between Hg (total) and sulfur content in the various coal types. The histograms show the distribution of mercury concentrations in fairly large ensembles. Please note: These pages open slow due to the graphics resolution. Anthracite • Sulfur • Histogram Bituminous • Sulfur • Histogram Lignite • Sulfur • Histogram Subbituminous • Sulfur • Histogram Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology All rights reserved",5);arrFiles[106]=new Array(107,"Data/Oil/US%20Crude%20Oil.html","12 Jul 2010","Mercury in Crude Oil Processed in the US","mercury in crude oil, mercury in US crude oil, mercury species in crude oil, crude oil mercury, mercury in oil refineries","Mercury in Crude Oil Processed in the US","Mercury in Crude Oil Processed in the US MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury in Crude Oil Wilhelm, S. M., Liang, L., Cussen, D. and D.Kirchgessner, “Mercury in Crude Oil Processed in the United States”,Environmental Science and Technology, American Chemical Society, 41 (13), 4509,2007. The majorsources of anthropogenic mercury emissions in the United States are fossil fueland waste combustion. Mercury in coal has been studied extensively and itcontributes the largest amount of atmospheric emissions of any fuel source ( 1,2 ). An obvious analogy exists between mercury in coal and mercury inpetroleum, however, the amount of mercury in crude oil, and thus potentiallyliberated by liquid fuel combustion or other pathways, has remained uncertain because of a paucity of accurate mercury concentration data across the hugerange of crude oils entering U.S. refineries . Studiesof mercury in crude oil published before the year 2000 reveal a range ofconcentrations of total mercury (THg) in crude oil between approximately 0.1 and20,000 µg/kg ( 3 ). The breadthof the range reflects the wide variability of natural geological conditions .Calculations of a mean concentration from measured concentration data publishedbefore year 2000 were biased high because of poor analytical detection limitsand because analysts tended to select oils with higher concentrations forinvestigations ( 3 ). A consistent and broadly focused study of mercury incrude oil has not been available to allow comparison to coal and other fuels. In 2003,the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Research andDevelopment initiated a study directed to determining the mean and range ofconcentrations of mercury in crude oil processed in the U.S. for the point intime accessible. The research program was organized into three parts, all nowcomplete. Part 1 examined analytical procedures ( 4 ). Part 2 examinedsampling and species effects ( 5, 6 ). In Part 3 and reported here, totalmercury concentrations were measured for a wide variety of crudes made availableto the study by the U.S. oil refining industry. Mercury in Crude Oil. A number of mercury species have been identified in crude oil ( 7- 9 ). The list includes elemental mercury (typically the major component)and dialkylmercury (typically a trace component), both volatile and reactive andmercuric sulfide and asphaltene mercury (major component in some oils), bothnon-volatile and relatively non-reactive. Complexed ionic mercury species arealso present in some oils as a minor component. Inmeasuring total mercury concentration (THg) in crude oil matrix, samples mustreflect the homogenous amounts of all mercury species that are present in thestream being sampled and analytical methods must avoid losses of volatilespecies in aliquot removal procedures. Because some mercury compounds areassociated with oil sediment, some loss of mercury is expected in stagnant tanksthat allow settling or stratification of suspended material. Elemental andorganic mercury are volatile and losses are also expected when volatilecomponents escape heated tanks or in transportation. Elemental mercury alsoreacts with steel surfaces irreversibly and some losses likely occur inpipelines. In the present study such possible losses were not investigated. Thefocus of the study was not the wellhead concentration of mercury but rather the“as delivered” concentration in crude entering the refining process. CrudeOil processed in the United States. A wide variety of materials areprocessed by U.S. refineries to make liquid fuels and other products derivedfrom crude oil (asphalt, coke, wax, lubricants). The raw material categoriesinclude condensates, crude oil, heavy crude oil, and synthetic crudes. Samplesin all crude oil categories were donated and analyzed in the project. Oilshaving trade names are blends of oils that come from several or many individualwells and typically consistent in composition and characteristics. The consciousdesire to maintain consistency of oil properties likely constrains the range ofmercury concentration in trade-named oils as well. The variation of measuredmercury concentrations of trade-named crude oil streams over time is not wellstudied, but it was postulated that the range of concentrations exhibited by asingle trade-named oil was much less than the range of mercury concentrationsfound in crude oils generally. This studyrelied on industry volunteers to donate samples of crude to the project foranalysis. Considerable efforts were made to ensure that the sample ensemblereflected both domestic production and imports in proportion to what is actuallyprocessed. No major crude sources are known that were left out of the group ofoils analyzed, but certainly not all of the oil streams processed in U.S.refineries were included. Mercuryin Oil by Country (Imports) and by State (Production) Country	Country Volume	(1000 barrels)	% US	Supply	Country Average	(µg/kg)	Σ n N	s CS	(µg/kg) Algeria	78,719	1.31	13.3	2	2	4.4 Angola	112,018	1.86	1.6	2	2	0.6 Cameroon	6,756	0.11 Chad	20,805	0.35	1.2	3	2	0.5 Congo	8,019	0.13 Gabon	52,061	0.87	0.5	2	1	0.2 Guinea	24,212	0.40	0.3	1	1	0.1 Ivory Coast	1,840	0.03	0.3	1	1	0.2 Libya	6,724	0.11 Nigeria	394,560	6.57	1.8	20	12	0.1	Africa	705,714	11.75	2.7	31	21	China	5,273	0.09	Indonesia	12,360	0.21 Kazakhstan	3,228	0.05 Australia	7,855	0.13	0.8	1	1	0.3 Brunei	5,616	0.09 Malaysia	6,551	0.11 Thailand	194	0.003	593.1	2	1	184 Viet Nam	9,256	0.15	66.5	5	2	4.9 Asia	50,333	0.84	220.1	7	4 Canada	591,489	9.845	2.1	72	32	0.2 Denmark	821	0.01 Norway	52,365	0.87	19.5	3	2	8.2 Russia	58,010	0.97	3.1	5	4	0.2 UK	87,193	1.45	3.6	10	3	1.0 Europe	198,389	3.30	8.7	18	9 Mexico	585,023	9.74	1.3	25	9	0.1	Country	Country Volume	(1000 barrels)	% US	Supply	Country/State	Average	(µg/kg)	Σ n	N	s CS	(µg/kg) Iraq	239,758	3.99	0.7	10	6	0.1 Kuwait	88,359	1.47	0.8	7	4	0.2	Qatar	1,383	0.02	UAE	1,885	0.03	Oman	3,570	0.06	Syria	501	0.01	Yemen	1,365	0.02 Saudi Arabia	547,125	9.11	0.9	28	14	0.1 Middle East	883,946	14.71	0.8	45	24 Argentina	21,499	0.36	16.1	1	1	7.1 Brazil	18,733	0.31	1.1	2	2	0.2 Columbia	52,049	0.87	3.4	10	7	0.6 Ecuador	84,937	1.41	1.8	11	6	0.3	Bolivia	311	0.01	Guatemala	6,699	0.11	Peru	383	0.01	Trinidad	18,027	0.30 Venezuela	474,531	7.90	4.2	18	12	1.3 S. America	677,169	11.27	5.3	42	28	0.0	AK	332,464	5.53	3.7	16	6	0.5	CA	240,206	4.00	11.3	6	3	3.6	GOM	531,900	8.85	2.1	19	7	0.2	LA	72,824	1.21	9.9	7	7	2.6	MT	24,724	0.41	3.1	2	2	1.0	OK	62,502	1.04	1.4	4	2	0.4	TX	392,865	6.54	3.4	6	3	2.2	UT	14,628	0.24	2.2	1	1	0.9	WY	51,621	0.86	2.7	15	8	0.4	X	592,026	9.85	3.1	12	3	0.6	US	2,315,760	38.55	4.3	88	42	Total	6,007,823	328	170 REFERENCES (1) Toole-O \'Neil,B.; Tewalt, S.J.; Finkelman, R.B.; Akers, D.J. Mercury concentration in coal-unraveling the puzzle. Fuel 1999 , 78 , 47-54. (2) Brown, T.D.;Smith, D. N.; Hargis, R. A.; O \'Dowd, W. Mercury measurement and its control:what we know, have learned, and need to further investigate. J. Air & WasteManage. Assoc. 1999 , 6 , 1-97. (3) Wilhelm, S.M.An estimate mercury emissions to the atmosphere from petroleum. Environ. Sci.Tech. 2001 , 35 (24), 4704. (4) Wilhelm, S.M.;Kirchgessner, D.A. Mercury in U.S. crude oil: a study by U.S. EPA, API and NPRA.SPE/EPA/DOE Exploration and Production Environmental Conference, San Antonio,Texas, 2003 , Society of Petroleum Engineers, SPE Paper 80573. (5) Wilhelm, S.M.;Kirchgessner, D.A.; Liang, L.; Pang, P.; Kariher, P.J. Sampling and analysis ofmercury in crude oil, J. ASTM Int. 2005 , 9 (2), 1-15, ASTMPaper 12985. (6) Wilhelm, S.M.,Liang, L., Kirchgessner, D., Identification and properties of mercury species incrude oil. Energy and Fuels 2006 , 20 , 180. (7) Wilhelm, S.M.;Bloom, N.S. Mercury in petroleum. Fuel Process. Tech. 2000 , 63 ,1. (8) Bloom, N.S.Analysis and stability of mercury speciation in petroleum hydrocarbons. Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem . 2000 , 366 (5), 438. (9) Corns, W.T.Mercury speciation in crude oil and natural gas condensates using cold vaporatomic fluorescence spectroscopy. Proceedings of the 7th InternationalConference on Mercury as a Global Pollurtant 2004, Ljubljana. Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",169);arrFiles[107]=new Array(108,"Data/Oil/Coke_Hist.html","2 Jul 2010","Mercury in Petroleum Coke","mercury, mercury in pet coke, mercury in petroleum coke, pet coke mercury","Mercury in Petroleum Coke","Mercury in Petroleum Coke MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Hg in Petroleum Coke U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Unified Air Toxics Program: Electric Utility Steam Generating Units Hazardous Air Pollutant Emission Study, 2000, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/combust/utiltox/utoxpg.html#DA3 • Hg and Sulfur in Pet Coke • Return to Coal Data Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[108]=new Array(109,"Data/Other/Geology.html","2 Jul 2010","Mercury Abundance Statistics","mercury Natural abundance Statistics","Mercury Natural Abundance Statistics","Mercury Abundance Statistics MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury - Natural Abundance Abundance ppb by weight ppb by atoms Universe 1 0.006 Sun 20 0.12 Meteorite (carbonaceous) 250 20 Crustal rocks 67 7 • Return to Data Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology All rights reserved",5);arrFiles[109]=new Array(110,"Project%20highlights/corporate%20mercury%20policy_files/filelist.xml","18 Jul 2010","filelist.xml","","","",1);arrFiles[110]=new Array(111,"Data/Arsenic/Arsenic.html","18 Jul 2010","Arsenic Technology Services","arsemic in oil, arsenic in gas, arsenic in petroleum, arsenic removal, arsenic in hydrocarbons, trimethylarsine, arsenic","Arsenic in oil and gas","Arsenic Technology Services MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Arsenic • Arsenic in Natural Gas • Arsenic in Crude Oil Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: Hg	Info	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 1996-2007 Mercury Technology All rights reserved ::Website Designed by SEO Services Thailand",4);arrFiles[111]=new Array(112,"images/Services/Cold_Section.jpg","18 May 2010","Cold_Section.jpg","","","",480);arrFiles[112]=new Array(113,"SMW/publications_Hg.html","24 Jul 2010","Mercury Technology Services - Mercury Publications - Wilhelm","Mark Wilhelm, mercury publications, mercury papers, mercury references","Mercury Technology Services - Mercury Publications - Wilhelm","Mercury Technology Services - Mercury Publications - Wilhelm MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : MTS Publications (Mercury) Wilhelm, S. M., “Risk Analysis for Operation ofAluminum Heat Exchangers Contaminated by Mercury”, Proceedings of AICHE SpringMeeting, Global Congress on Process Safety, New Orleans, April 2008. Wilhelm, S. M., Liang, L., Cussen, D. and D.Kirchgessner, “Mercury in Crude Oil Processed in the United States”,Environmental Science and Technology, American Chemical Society, 41 (13), 4509,2007. Wilhelm, S. M., Liang, L., and D. Kirchgessner,“Identification and Properties of Mercury Species in Crude Oil”, Energy andFuel, American Chemical Society, 20 (1), 180 -186, 2006. Liang, L., Wilhelm, S. M., Pang, P., Occurrence of Dimethylmercury ((CH3)2Hg) in Organic Solvents, Materials and Geoenvironment, Vol. 51 (2), 1968-1971 (2004). Wilhelm, S. M. and Kirchgessner, D., Mercury in U.S. Crude Oil: A Study by U.S. EPA, API and NPRA, SPE 80573, SPE/EPA/DOE Exploration and Production Environmental Conference held in San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A., 10-12 March (2003). Wilhelm, S. M., Impact of mercury on Refining, World Refining, Jan./Feb. (2003). Wilhelm, S. M., Mercury In Petroleum; Processing And Regulatory Issues, Proceedings of ASME/ETCE 23rd Energy Sources Technology Conference and Exposition, February 5-7, 2001, Houston, TX. Wilhelm, S., An Estimate Mercury Emissions to the Atmosphere from Petroleum, Environ. Sci. Tech, 35, 24:4704 (2001). Wilhelm, S. M. and Bloom, N., Mercury in Petroleum, Fuel Processing Technology, March (2000). Wilhelm, S. M., Conceptual Design of Mercury Removal Systems for Hydrocarbon Liquids, Hydrocarbon Processing, April (1999). Wilhelm, S. M., Generation and Disposal of Petroleum Processing Waste That Contains Mercury, Environmental Progress, June (1999). Wilhelm, S. M., Avoiding Exposure to Mercury During Inspection and Maintenance Operations in Oil and Gas Processing, Process Safety Progress, Fall (1999). Wilhelm, S. M., Impact of Mercury on SE Asian Hydrocarbon Production and Processing; Proceedings EnviroExpo 97, Bangkok, Thailand; Sept. (1997). Wilhelm, S. M. Detection, Prevention and Treatment of Mercury Contamination at Gas Production and Processing Facilities; Oil and Gas Technology (China), March (1997). Wilhelm, S. M., Removal and Treatment of Mercury Contamination at Gas Processing Facilities; Proceedings SPE/EPA Exploration and Production Environmental Conference; Houston, March (1995). Wilhelm, S. M., Use of Slow Strain Rate Tests to Evaluate the Embrittlement of Aluminum and Stainless Alloys in Process Environments Containing Mercury, ASTM STP 1210, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1993). Wilhelm, S. M., Methods to Combat Liquid Metal Embrittlement by Mercury in Cryogenic Aluminum Heat Exchangers, GPA, Proceedings 73rd GPA Convention, March (1994). Wilhelm, S. M., Effect of Mercury on Materials in Ammonia Plants. Proceedings AIChE Ammonia Safety Symposium, San Diego (1990). Publications (Materials) Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",7);arrFiles[113]=new Array(114,"SMW/publications_materials.html","24 Jul 2010","publications_materials.html","mercury, refinery, hydrocarbon, petroleum, oil, gas, corrosion, aluminum, cold box, liquid metal embrittlement, ethylene, heat exchanger, aluminium, LNG, LME, offshore, olefins, Hg, LPG","Mercury Technology Services","MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Publications (Materials) Wilhelm, S. M., “Risk Analysis for Operation ofAluminum Heat Exchangers Contaminated by Mercury”, Proceedings of AICHE SpringMeeting, Global Congress on Process Safety, New Orleans, April 2008. S. M. Wilhelm, Electron Injection from Semiconductor Electrodes in Liquid Ammonia. J. Electrochem Soc., 126, 207c (1979). S. M. Wilhelm, K. S. Yun, L. Ballenger, and N. Hackerman, Semiconductor Properties of Iron Oxide Electrodes. J. Electrochem., Soc., 126, 419 (1979). K. S. Yun, S. M. Wilhelm, S. Kapusta, and N. Hackerman, Capacitance Study of Thermally Grown Oxide Films on Iron. J. Electrochem, Soc., 128, 1668 (1981). S. M. Wilhelm and N. Hackerman, Photoelectrochemical Characterization of the Passive Films on Iron and Nickel. J. Electrochem, Soc., 128, 1668 (1981). S. M. Wilhelm, Y. Tanizawa, C. Y. Liu, and N. Hackerman, Photoelectrochemical Investigation of Semiconducting Oxide Films on Copper. Corrosion Science, 22, 791 (1982). S. Kapusta, A. Viehbeck, S. M. Wilhelm, and N. Hackerman, The Anodic Oxidation of Sulfide on Platinum Electrodes. J. Electroanal Chem., 152, 157 (1983). S. M. Wilhelm, J. Vera, and N. Hackerman, Transport of Hydrogen Through Pyrite. J. Electrochem Soc., 130, 2129 (1983). S. M. Wilhelm and R. D. Kane, Effect of Heat Treatment and Microstructure on the Corrosion and SCC of Duplex Stainless Steels in H2S/C1 Environments. Corrosion, 40, 431 (1984). R. D. Mack, S. M. Wilhelm, and B. G. Steinberg, Corrosion Testing of Metals and Alloys in Environments Containing Hydrogen Sulfide. Environment Sensitive Facture: Evaluation and Comparison of Test Methods, ASTM (1985). S. M. Wilhelm and R. D. Kane, Selection of Materials for Sour Service in Petroleum Production. Proceedings: Sour Service in the Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Industries, London, December (1985). R. D. Kane, S. M. Wilhelm, and R. D. McIntyre, Application of Corrosion Resistant Alloys in Oilfield Production. UK CORROSION/85, NACE/ICCORRS&T, November (1985). D. R. McIntyre, R. D. Kane, and S. M. Wilhelm, Slow Strain Rate Testing for Materials Evaluation in High Pressure H2S Environments. NACE CORROSION/86, March (1986). S. M. Wilhelm and R. D. Kane, Selection of Materials for Sour Service in Petroleum Production. J. Pet. Tech., October (1986). S. M. Wilhelm and R. D. Kane, Status Report: Corrosion Resistant Alloys, Pet. Eng. Intnl., (1987). S. M. Wilhelm, Hydrogen Embrittlement. Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design, Volume 26, M. Dekker, New York (1986). C. Shengmin, L. Changyi, S. M. Wilhelm, and N. Hackerman, Instrumentation for Rapid Measurement of the Capacitance and Resistance of the Electrolytic Cell. Acta Physico Chemica Sineca, 2, (1986). S. M. Wilhelm and J. W. Oldfield, Effect of Elemental Sulfur on the Performance of Alloy 825 in Deep Sour Gas Well Production. Proceedings: Sour Service in the Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Industries, IBC, London (1987). S. M. Wilhelm, Galvanic Corrosion Caused by Corrosion Products. Galvanic Corrosion, ASTM STP 978, (in press) (1987). S. M. Wilhelm, Effect of Elemental Sulfur on the Stress Corrosion Cracking of Nickel Base Alloys in Deep Sour Gas Well Production, NACE CORROSION/88, Paper No. 77, (1987). S. Cai, A. Viehbeck, N. Hackerman, and S. M. Wilhelm, Calculation of Corrosion Rates by Extended Linear Polarization, Aeta Scientiarus Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 2 (1987). R. D. Kane and S. M. Wilhelm, Compatibility of Stainless and Nickel Base Alloys in Acidizing Environments, NACE CORROSION/89, Paper No. 481, New Orleans, Louisiana (1989). R. D. Kane, S. M. Wilhelm, and D. R. McIntyre, Application of the Critical Pitting Temperature to the Evaluation of Duplex Stainless Steels, ASTM STP 1000, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1990). R. D. Kane, S. M. Wilhelm, and J. W. Oldfield, Review of Hydrogen Induced Cracking of Steels in Refinery Service, Proceedings Interaction of Steels with Hydrogen in Petroleum Industry Pressure Vessel Service, MPC (1989). S. M. Wilhelm and D. M. Currie, Selection of High-Alloy Tubulars for the 823 Field (Mobile Bay), Proceedings SPE Production Operation Symposium, SPE, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (1991). S. M. Wilhelm, Effect of Mercury on Materials in Ammonia Plants. Proceedings AIChE Ammonia Safety Symposium, San Diego (1990). S. M. Wilhelm, Use of Slow Strain Rate Tests to Evaluate the Embrittlement of Aluminum and Stainless Alloys in Process Environments Containing Mercury, ASTM STP 1210, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1993). S. M. Wilhelm, Methods to Combat Liquid Metal Embrittlement by Mercury in Cryogenic Aluminum Heat Exchangers, GPA, Proceedings 73rd GPA Convention, March (1994). S. M. Wilhelm and D. Abayarathna, Inhibition of Absorbation of Hydrogen by Steels in Wet Hydrogen Sulfide Refinery Environments, Corrosion, 50, 152 (1994). Publications (Mercury) Contact Us Home	:: Profile	:: Services	:: Information	:: Contact Us	©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",9);arrFiles[114]=new Array(115,"Risk_Analysis/Hg_in_natural_gas.html","9 Jul 2010","Mercury in Gas Production Equipment","mercury in gas, mercury risk to production equipment, mercury risk to equipment, mercury risk to brass seals","Mercury in Gas Production Equipment","Mercury in Gas Production Equipment MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Risk Analysis - Mercury inNatural Gas Production Equipment The risk of failure of brass or bronze seals usedin some natural gas well completions was considered. Of concern was thepossibility of corrosion or cracking of copper-based alloys used in suchapplications. Environmentally induced brittle failure modes for brass or bronzealloys such as stress corrosion cracking (SSC) and liquid metal embrittlement(LME) were examined. SSC was not expected in the stated application. Althoughliquid metal embrittlement by mercury was considered a possible failuremechanism for copper-base alloys, references concerning a particularsusceptibility to LME in gas well environments were not discovered. Referencesof LME susceptibility in Monel 400 and in Al 6061 weldments are known in thepetrochemical industry. Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology All rights reserved",5);arrFiles[115]=new Array(116,"Risk_Analysis/Hg_in_LPG.html","18 Jul 2010","Mercury in Liquefied Petroleum Gas","mercury in LPG, Mercury in Liquefied Petroleum Gas, mercury in combustion","Mercury in Liquefied Petroleum Gas","Mercury in Liquefied Petroleum Gas MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Risk Analysis - Mercury in Liquefied Petroleum Gas Inhalation of Mercury from Combusted LPG The case that was analyzed is the risk to an individual from inhalation of mercury that originated in LPG burned in a cooking stove. The following rationale and assumptions were adopted. It was assumed that the mercury species in combusted gas was elemental mercury. The species of mercury that exist in LPG combustion gases have not been determined. Mercury compounds in coal, for example, are mostly sulfides and when coal is burned, the combusted species include elemental mercury, mercuric oxides and some amount bound to particulates. Because the dominant species in LPG is elemental mercury, it was suspected and assumed that the species present in combustion gases is the elemental species also. It was assumed in the following analysis that all of the mercury in the combusted LPG would be transferred to the atmosphere via combustion and thus available to be inhaled by an individual in proximity to the combustion source. The conditions of exposure were considered uniform and constant, i.e. dynamic factors such as the effects of variations in climate on ventilation were not considered. The case of LPG use in a temperate climate was examined, meaning that LPG would be typically used for cooking, not heating. The situation chronic exposure (24 hour per day, 365 day per year) was considered for a person living in a residence and using a cooking stove routinely. Occupational exposures were not considered. Dermal absorption of mercury was not considered as an exposure pathway. Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 1996-2007 Mercury Technology All rights reserved ::Website Designed by SEO Services Thailand",6);arrFiles[116]=new Array(117,"Risk_Analysis/Hg_in_pipelines.html","9 Jul 2010","Mercury Risk to Pipelines","mercury risk to pipelines, mercury galvanic corrosion, mercury in pipelines","Mercury Risk to Pipelines","Mercury Risk to Pipelines MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Risk Analysis - Mercury in Pipelines Many pipelines and field gathering lines around the world carry natural gas and liquids that contain small amounts of mercury. It is well known that mercury in natural gas and condensates reacts with iron oxide/sulfide corrosion products on the interior surfaces of such pipelines. The question is whether mercury accelerates the normal corrosion process operating in pipelines or interferes with chemical inhibition. MercuryGalvanic Corrosion in Pipelines Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[117]=new Array(118,"Risk_Analysis/Olefins_Risk.html","2 Jul 2010","Mercury in Olefins Manufacture","mercury risk, mercury in olefins crackers, mercury in aluminum, olefins cold box risk, liquid metal embrittlement, steam cracker mercury","Mercury in Olefins Manufacture","Risk Analysis -	Mercury in Olefins Manufacture MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury in Olefins Manufacture Mercury in cracker feeds can have adverse consequences for equipment and catalysts. To avoid negative consequences it is necessary to measure mercury in feedstocks, to predict how mercury may distribute in the process and to assess potential impacts. Cryogenic heat exchangers are potentially at risk due to mercury condensation. Acetylene hydrogenation catalysts can also be affected. Quantitative risk assessment can ensure continuous and safe operation. Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology, All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[118]=new Array(119,"Risk_Analysis/Fertilizer_Risk.html","2 Jul 2010","Mercury in Fertilizer and Soil Amendments ","mercury in fertilizer, mercury in soil amendments, mercury in soil additives","Mercury in Fertilizer and Soil Amendments","Risk Analysis -	Mercury in Fertilizer and Soil Amendments MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Mercury in Fertilizer International norms that are applied to soil amendments such as fertilizer and sewage sludge (bio-solids obtained from municipal biological treatment systems)were examined. Important to these regulations are background levels of mercury in soils and mercury concentrations in commonly applied fertilizers. The regulations that apply to permissible limits of heavy metal additions to soil (or to crops by foliar application) are structured to limit metal additions that would drastically increase the naturally present background levels of metals in soils. Table 1 - Background Levels of Mercury in Soil (1) Country Mean Mercury Concentration ppb Range ppb USA 60 (g) 90 (a) 10 - 4,600 Canada 60 (a) 5 - 1,000 China 40 (g) 60 (a) (a) arithmetic mean (g) geometric mean MTS analyzed the risk of adding petroleum by-products to soil asfertilizer. Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology All rights reserved",5);arrFiles[119]=new Array(120,"Risk_Analysis/LNG_Risk.html","2 Jul 2010","Mercury Risk to LNG Heat Exchangers","Mercury Risk, LNG Heat Exchangers","Mercury Risk to LNG Heat Exchangers","Risk Analysis - LNG Heat Exchangers MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : LNG Risk Analysis Manufacture of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) utilizes both brazed plate-fin aluminum heat exchangers and spiral-wound aluminum heat exchangers. Because of the very low temperature drop in the heat exchangers, the risk of mercury condensation is pronounced in spite of the prevalent use of mercury removal systems. Risk of metal embrittlement by liquid mercury is a function of equipment design, metallurgy and frequency of events that allow equipment to warm up. The industry trend is to an increasing number LNG facilities that use a variety of newly developed process technologies. The new process designs utilize a variety of aluminum heat exchangers that require careful evaluation of risk due to mercury. LNGHeat Exchanger Failure Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 Mercury Technology All rights reserved",4);arrFiles[120]=new Array(121,"SMW/Hackerman_Group.html","24 Jul 2010","Rice University Research Group","Rice, Hackerman, Research","Hackerman Research Group","Research Group - Rice University MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : Email Us Home	:: Profile	:: News	:: Research	:: Services	:: Contact Us ©Copyright 2010 - Mercury Technology Services, All rights reserved",3);arrFiles[121]=new Array(122,"HSE/elemental%20mercury.html","8 Jul 2010"," Occupational Health Guideline for Elemental Mercury ","elemental mercury exposure, mercury health guideline, mercury vapor inhalation","Occupational Health Guideline for Elemental Mercury","Health Guideline for Elemental Mercury MERCURY TECHNOLOGY SERVICES Date : .S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Health Guideline for Inorganic Mercury Introduction This guideline is intended as a source of information for employees, employers, physicians, industrial hygienists, and other occupational health professionals who may have a need for such information. It does not attempt to present all data; rather, it presents pertinent information and data in summary form. NOTE: These recommendations reflect good industrial hygiene and medical surveillance practices and their implementation will assist in achieving an effective occupational health program. However, they may not be sufficient to achieve compliance with all requirements of OSHA regulations. Substance Identification Formula: Hg Synonyms: Quicksilver Appearance and odor: Silvery, mobile, odorless liquid. Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) The current OSHA standard for mercury is a ceiling level of 0.1 milligram of mercury per cubic meter of air (0.1 mg/m 3 ). NIOSH has recommended that the permissible exposure limit be changed to 0.05 mg/m 3 averaged over an eight-hour work shift. The NIOSH Criteria Document for Inorganic Mercury should be consulted for more detailed information. Health Hazard Information Routes of exposure Mercury can affect the body if it is inhaled or if it comes in contact with the eyes or skin. It may enter the body through the skin. Effects of overexposure Short-term Exposure: Inhaled mercury vapor may cause headaches, cough, chest pains, chest tightness, and difficulty in breathing. It may also cause chemical pneumanitis. In addition, it may cause soreness of the mouth, loss of teeth, nausea, and diarrhea. Liquid mercury may irritate the skin. Long-term Exposure: Repeated or prolonged exposure to mercury liquid or vapor causes effects which develop gradually. The first effects to occur are often fine shaking of the hands, eyelids, lips, tongue, or jaw. Other effects are allergic skin rash, headache, sores in the mouth, sore and swollen gums, loose teeth, insomnia, excess salivation, personality change, irritability, indecision, loss of memory, and intellectual deterioration. Reporting Signs and Symptoms: A physician should be contacted if anyone develops any signs or symptoms and suspects that they are caused by exposure to mercury Reporting signs and symptoms A physician should be contacted if anyone develops any signs or symptoms and suspects that they are caused by exposure to organo (alkyl) mercury. Recommended medical surveillance The following medical procedures should be made available to each employee who is exposed to mercury at potentially hazardous levels: 1. Initial Medical Examination: A complete history and physical examination: The purpose is to detect pre-existing conditions that might place the exposed employee at increased risk, and to establish a baseline for future health monitoring. Persons with a history of allergies or known sensitization to mercury, chronic respiratory disease, nervous system disorders, or kidney disease would be expected to be at increased risk from exposure. Examination for any signs or symptoms of unacceptable mercury absorption such as weight loss, insomnia, tremors, personality changes, or other evidence of central nervous system involvement, as well as evidence of kidney damage, should be stressed. The skin should be examined for evidence of chronic disorders. Urinalysis: Since kidney damage has been observed in humans exposed to mercury, a urinalysis should be obtained to include, at a minimum, specific gravity, albumin, glucose, and a microscopic on centrifuged sediment. Determination of mercury level in urine may be helpful in assessing extent of absorption. 2. Periodic Medical Examination: The aforementioned medical examinations should be repeated on an annual basis. Summary of toxicology Acute exposure to mercury at high levels causes severe respiratory irritation, digestive disturbances, and marked renal damage; chronic mercurialism, the form of intoxication most frequently caused by occupational exposure, is characterized by neurologic and psychic disturbances, anorexia, weight loss, and stomatitis. Skin absorption of inorganic mercury probably adds to the toxic effects of vapor inhalation. Intraperitoneal injection of metallic mercury in rats has produced sarcomas. Exposure of humans to mercury vapor in concentrations of 1.2 to 8.5 mg/m 3 causes cough, chest pain and dyspnea, leading to bronchitis and pneumonitis. Metallic mercury readily vaporizes at room temperature, and the vapor has no warning properties. At low levels, the onset of symptoms resulting from chronic exposure is insidious; fine tremors of the hands, eyelids, lips and tongue are often the presenting complaint. Coarse jerky movements and incoordination may interfere with the fine movements considered necessary for writing and eating. Psychic disturbances such as insomnia, irritability, and indecision occur; headache, excessive fatigue, anorexia, digestive disturbances, and weight loss are common; stomatitis with excessive salivation is sometimes severe; muscle weakness has been reported. Proteinuria may occur, but is relatively infrequent. Mercury has been reported to be capable of causing sensitization dermatitis. Examination of urine for mercury may be of value. There is no critical level of mercury in urine above or below which poisoning cannot be seen. Various observers have suggested from 0.l to 0.5 mg of Hg/l of urine as having clinical significance. Mercury, particularly organic forms, is known to adversely affect the fetus if the mother is exposed during pregnancy. Chemical and Physical Properties Physical data--Ethylmercuric chloride Molecular weight: 200.6 Boiling point (760 mm Hg): 357 C (674 F) Specific gravity (water = l): 13.5 Vapor density (air = 1 at boiling point of mercury): Not applicable Melting point: -39 C (-38 F) Vapor pressure at 20 C (68 F): 0.0012 mm Hg Solubility in water, g/100g water at 20 C (68 F): 0.002 Evaporation rate (butyl acetate = l): Not applicable Reactivity Conditions contributing to instability: None Incompatibilities: Contact with acetylene, acetylene products, or ammonia gases may form solid products that are sensitive to shock and which can initiate fires of combustible materials. Hazardous decomposition products: None Special precautions: Mercury can attack copper and copper alloy materials. Flammability Not combustible Warning properties Odor Threshold: Mercury is odorless. Eye Irritation Level: Grant states that when mercury metal droplets are in the epithelium, rather than the corneal stroma or anterior chamber, they are extruded rapidly with little reaction, as was reported in a patient who was sprayed forcefully with metallic mercury and was observed to have many fine silvery globules beneath the epithelium of the cornea. . . Mercury metal in contact with the conjunctiva has been shown in rabbits to be absorbed and ultimately to be detectable in the urine. While in contact with the conjunctiva, metallic mercury produced no clinical signs of conjunctivitis, but histologically an inflammatory reaction has been demonstrable. External contact with mercury vapor has repeatedly been observed to induce a characteristic discoloration of the crystalline lens (mercurialentis). Mercurialentis also is caused by systemic poisoning from absorption of mercury vapor through the respiratory tract, the skin, and the gastrointestinal tract. For the purposes of this guideline, mercury is not treated as an eye irritant. Evaluation of Warning Properties; Mercury has no warning properties, according to the Hygienic Guide. Monitoring and Measurement Procedures Ceiling Evaluation Measurements to determine employee ceiling exposure are best taken during periods of maximum expected airborne concentrations of mercury. Each measurement should consist of a fifteen (15) minute sample or series of consecutive samples totalling fifteen (15) minutes in the employee \'s breathing zone (air that would most nearly represent that inhaled by the employee). A minimum of three (3) measurements should be taken on one work shift and the highest of all measurements taken is an estimate of the employee \'s exposure. Method Sampling and analyses may be performed by collection of mercury with a three-section solid phase sampler, followed by analysis with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. An analytical method for mercury is in the NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 2nd Ed., Vol. 6, 1980, available from the Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (GPO No. 017-033-00369-6). Respirators Good industrial hygiene practices recommend that engineering controls be used to reduce environmental concentrations to the permissible exposure level. However, there are some exceptions where respirators may be used to control exposure. Respirators may be used when engineering and work practice controls are not technically feasible, when such controls are in the process of being installed, or when they fail and need to be supplemented. Respirators may also be used for operations which require entry into tanks or closed vessels, and in emergency situations. If the use of respirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted are those that have been approved by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (formerly Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration) or by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. In addition to respirator selection, a complete respiratory protection program should be instituted which includes regular training, maintenance, inspection, cleaning, and evaluation. Personal Protective Equipment Employees should be provided with and required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inch minimum), and other appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact with liquid mercury. If employees \' clothing may have become contaminated with mercury, employee